Table Of ContentCompression Machinery for Oil and Gas
Compression
Machinery for Oil
and Gas
Edited by
Klaus Brun
ElliottGroup,Jeannette,PA, United States
Rainer Kurz
Solar Turbines,San Diego, CA, UnitedStates
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Contributors
Numbersinparenthesesindicatethepagesonwhichtheauthors’contributionsbegin.
TimothyC.Allison(3,375,543),SouthwestResearchInstitute,SanAntonio,TX,
UnitedStates
BrianBauer(309),ElliottGroup,Jeannette,PA,UnitedStates
UrsBaumann(543),MANDiesel&TurboSchweizAG,Z€urich,Switzerland
Eugene“Buddy”Broerman(253,569),SouthwestResearchInstitute,SanAntonio,
TX,UnitedStates
DirkBu€che(31,485),MANDiesel&TurboSchweizAG,Z€urich,Switzerland
RyanCater(485),SouthwestResearchInstitute,SanAntonio,TX,UnitedStates
HectorDelgado-Garibay(449),SouthwestResearchInstitute,SanAntonio,TX,
UnitedStates
KennethHall(309),CaterpillerOil&Gas,Lafayette,IN,UnitedStates
MartinHinchliff(167,309,427),Dresser-Rand,PaintedPost,NY,UnitedStates
JustinHollingsworth(31,167,253),SouthwestResearchInstitute,SanAntonio,TX,
UnitedStates
KevinHoopes(3),SouthwestResearchInstitute,SanAntonio,TX,UnitedStates
MinJi(427),SolarTurbines,Inc.,SanDiego,CA,UnitedStates
TerryKreuz(13,387),NationalFuelGas,Williamsville,NY,UnitedStates
ChrisKulhanek(31,167,463),SouthwestResearchInstitute,SanAntonio,TX,United
States
RainerKurz(3,31,309,427,449),SolarTurbines,Inc.,SanDiego,CA,UnitedStates
TimManthey(253),AerzenUSA,Coatesville,PA,UnitedStates
FranziskoMaywald(167),BurckhardtCompressionAG,Winterthur,Switzerland
CyrusMeher-Homji(309,401),Bechtel,SanFrancisco,CA,UnitedStates
KoljaMetz(135),MANEnergySolutions,Berlin,Germany
HarryMiller(543,569),Dresser-Rand,ASiemensBusiness,Olean,NY,UnitedStates
J.JeffreyMoore(463,569),SouthwestResearchInstitute,SanAntonio,TX,United
States
DaveMoss(401),UECompression,Henderson,CO,UnitedStates
GrantMusgrove(309,401,485),SouthwestResearchInstitute,SanAntonio,TX,
UnitedStates
xv
xvi Contributors
RobPelton(135),HanwhaPowerSystemsAmericasInc.,Houston,TX,UnitedStates
BrianPettinato(31,309),ElliottGroup,Jeannette,PA,UnitedStates
GregPhillippi(167,449,463),ArielCorporation,MountVernon,OH,UnitedStates
NathanPoerner(449),SouthwestResearchInstitute,SanAntonio,TX,UnitedStates
AoronRimpel(135,167,569),SouthwestResearchInstitute,SanAntonio,TX,United
States
DraganRistanovic(309),Bechtel,SanFrancisco,CA,UnitedStates
SarahSimons(387,427,569),SouthwestResearchInstitute,SanAntonio,TX,United
States
AvneetSingh(375),SolarTurbines,Inc.,SanDiego,CA,UnitedStates
NatalieR.Smith(543),SouthwestResearchInstitute,SanAntonio,TX,UnitedStates
MattTaher(31,309,463),Bechtel,SanFrancisco,CA,UnitedStates
GeorgeTalabisco(13,31,427),Dresser-Rand,Olean,NY,UnitedStates
LeifArneTonnessen(543),TechnipFMC,Kongsberg,Norway
JosephThorp(375),SaudiAramcoEnergyVentures-NorthAmerica,Houston,TX,
UnitedStates
ChristianWacker(135),MANEnergySolutions,Berlin,Germany
Ju€rgenWennemar(253),MANEnergySolutionsSE,Oberhausen,Germany
FerdinandWerdecker(31),EagleBurgman,Houston,TX,UnitedStates
BenjaminWhite(13,387,427,463),SouthwestResearchInstitute,SanAntonio,TX,
UnitedStates
JasonWilkes(31),SouthwestResearchInstitute,SanAntonio,TX,UnitedStates
KarlWygant(135,569),HanwhaPowerSystemsAmericasInc.,Houston,TX,United
States
DonghuiZhang(31,449),SolarTurbines,Inc.,SanDiego,CA,UnitedStates
The Editors
Dr. KlausBrun, Elliott Group,Jeannette, PA,UnitedStates
Dr.BrunisthedirectorofResearch&DevelopmentatElliottGroupwhere
heleadsagroupofover60professionalsinthedevelopmentofturbomachinery
andrelatedsystemsfortheenergyindustry.Hispastexperienceincludesposi-
tionsinproductdevelopment,engineering,projectmanagement,andexecutive
managementatSouthwestResearchInstitute,SolarTurbines,GeneralElectric,
andAlstom.Heholds9patents,authoredover350papers,andpublished3text-
books on energy systems and turbomachinery. Dr. Brun is a Fellow of the
ASMEandwonanR&D100awardin2007forhisSemi-ActiveValveinven-
tion.HealsowontheASMEIndustrialGasTurbineAwardin2016and11indi-
vidualsASMETurboExpoBestPaperawards.Dr.Brunisthechairofthe2020
Supercritical CO Power Cycles Symposium, past chair of the ASME-IGTI
2
BoardofDirectors,theASMEOil&GasApplicationsCommittee,andASME
sCO PowerCycleCommittee.HeisalsoamemberoftheAPI616TaskForce,
2
theASMEPTC-10taskforce,theAsiaTurbomachinerySymposiumsCommit-
tee, and the Supercritical CO Symposium Advisory Committee. Dr. Brun is
2
currentlytheexecutivecorrespondentofTurbomachineryInternationalMaga-
zine and Associate Editor of the ASME Journal of Gas Turbines for Power.
Dr. Rainer Kurz, Solar Turbines, SanDiego, CA, United States
Dr.RainerKurzisthemanager,SystemsAnalysisatSolarTurbinesIncor-
porated,inSanDiego,California.Hisorganizationisresponsibleforpredicting
compressor and gas turbine performance, for conducting application studies,
andforfieldperformancetesting.Dr.KurzattendedtheUniversitaetderBun-
deswehrinHamburg,Germany,wherehereceivedthedegreeofaDr.-Ing.in
1991. He joined Solar Turbines in 1993, and holds his current position since
1995. Dr. Kurz is the past chair of the ASME/IGTI Oil and Gas Applications
Committee,amemberoftheGasMachineryResearchCouncilProjectSuper-
visory Committee, the GMC Conference Organizing Committee, the Texas
A&MTurbomachinerySymposiumAdvisoryCommittee,theAsianTurboma-
chinerySymposiumAdvisoryCommittee,andtheSDSUAerospaceEngineer-
ing Advisory Committee. He was elected ASME Fellow in 2003. He has
authored numerous publications on turbomachinery-related topics, with an
emphasis on compressor applications, dynamic behavior, and gas turbine
operation and degradation. Many of his publications were considered of
xvii
xviii TheEditors
archivequalityandwereacceptedforpublicationsinEngineeringJournals.He
has received several “Best Paper” and “Best Tutorial” Awards at the ASME
TurboExpoConferencesandistherecipientofthe2013IndustrialGasTurbine
Technology award.
Preface
Oilandnaturalgasprovidestheworldwithhigh-densityenergyandfeedstock
for transportation,powergeneration,chemical processes,andmanyindustrial
andconsumerproducts.Theoilandgasindustryproducesthesehydrocarbons
andthenprocesses,transports,anddistributesthemtousers.Almostallaspects
of the oil and gas industry require some gas compression and there are many
applications where compression is the most critical part of the production
andtransportchainofhydrocarbons.Forexample,totransportnaturalgasfrom
theproductionwelltoapowerplant,withinacitygasdistributionsystem,orto
achemicalplant,severalcompressionfacilitieswithcomplexmachinerytrains
are necessary. Other production-related oil and gas compression applications
include gas gathering, flash gas compression near the well, the use of the gas
for enhanced oil recovery, the recompression of gas after processing in a gas
plant,chemicalplantsandrefineriesprocesses,andevenfuelgascompression
atpowerplants.Furtherdownstreaminthehydrocarbonproductchain,refrig-
erationcompressionisusedtoliquefynaturalgasforeaseoftransportbyship,
rail,ortruck.Fundamentally,allnaturalgasmustbecompressedsothatitcan
beefficientlytransported,stored,orprocessed.Besidesconventionalhydrocar-
bon gases, such as natural gas, there are many other oil and gas applications
whereothernonhydrocarbongassessuchascarbondioxide,nitrogen,orhydro-
gen have tobecompressed.
Gascompressionisthusvitalforthetransportationandprocessingofhydro-
carbonandnonhydrocarbongassesthatarerequiredbytheoilandgasindustry
andtheircustomers.Forexample,inNorthAmericaalonethereareover9000
pipeline compression stations with nearly 40,000 individual compressors to
transport natural gas from the producer to the consumer. Similarly, gas com-
pressorsareacriticalpartintheupstreamproductionanddownstreamrefining
and distributioninfrastructure.
Thedesignofcompressionsystemsfortheoilandgasindustryischalleng-
ing due to the environments in which these systems operate, the fact that the
operating conditions may change significantly on all time scales, and the
extremelycyclicaloperatingdemands.Additionally,theequipmentisexpected
to operate for long-time intervals, often many years,without interruptions for
maintenance,or unplanned shutdowns.
There are many different types of compressors and drivers that are being
usedfortheseapplications,eachwithdifferentfeatures,limits,andcapabilities.
xix
xx Preface
This book provides acomprehensiveoverviewof the compression machinery
that is utilized in the oil and gas industry. In the first section of this book the
thermodynamic foundation of gas compression is explained (Chapter 1) and
an overview over the different types of typical used oil and gas compression
equipmentisprovided (Chapter 2).
Thesecondsectionofthisbookprovidesadeeperlookintothiscompression
equipmentincludingadiscussionontheperformanceandaerodynamicsofcen-
trifugal compressors in Chapter 3, the performance of integrally geared com-
pressors in Chapter 4, the performance of reciprocating compressors in
Chapter 5, and screw compressors in Chapter 6. The section is concluded by
adescriptionofthedifferentdriversforthesecompressorssuchasgasturbines,
steam turbines,expanders, electric motors, and gasengines(Chapter7).
Thebook’sthirdsectionhighlightsrelevantapplicationtopics.Here,wedis-
cussinChapter8howcompressorsareappliedintheupstreamsection,where
compressors are used for gas gathering, gas lift, gasreinjection, and for com-
pressioningasplants.Then,inChapter9,thetypicalmidstreamapplications,
suchaspipelinecompression,andgasstorageareexplained.Inthedownstream
business(Chapter10),compressionneedsinLNGfacilities,refineries,andfor
fuelgascompressionarecovered.Importantsystemdesignandanalysisissues
arediscussedinChapter11,andthesectioniscompletedwithadiscussionof
testingmethodsandrequirementsinChapter12,andrelevantcodesandstan-
dards inChapter13.
Thefinalsection(Section4)givesanoutlooktofuturechallengesandtech-
nology developments in oil and gas compression. The important topic of wet
gas compression is covered in detail in Chapter 14 and a description of new
machineryconcepts,suchassubseaanddownholecompression,orhermetically
sealed compressors can be found in Chapter 15. Some leading edge concepts
suchastheuseoflinearmotors,supersoniccompression,andisothermalcom-
pression inChapter 16round outthe topics inthis book.
Thetopicscoveredinthisbookwereselectedtoprovideengineersandprac-
titioners interested in the oil and gas industry and the relevant compression
machinery utilized with a comprehensive technology and applications over-
view. Each chapter provides sufficient background material to stand alone,
andcanbeusedonitsown,althoughweattemptedtoavoidduplicationthrough-
outthis book.
We,theeditors,areindebtedtothechapterauthors.Theyareallsubjectmat-
terexpertsintheirfields,whowereselectedfromtheengineeringandscientific
communitybasedontheirrelevantcontributionstothefield.Theyrepresenta
broad range of expertise, andcomefrom a diverse range of backgrounds.
Klaus Brun
RainerKurz
Contributing authors(*Indicates chapter lead):
Timothy C. Allison (Chapters1, 8*, 15)
