Table Of ContentComprehensive Treatment of Chronic Pain
by Medical, Interventional, and Integrative
Approaches
Timothy R. Deer
Editor-in-chief
Michael S. Leong
Associate Editor-in-chief
Asokumar Buvanendran (cid:129) Vitaly Gordin
Philip S. Kim (cid:129) Sunil J. Panchal (cid:129) Albert L. Ray
Associate Editors
Comprehensive Treatment
of Chronic Pain by Medical,
Interventional, and
Integrative Approaches
the American Academy of Pain Medicine
Textbook on Patient Management
Editor-in-chief Associate Editors
Timothy R. Deer, M.D. Asokumar Buvanendran, M.D.
President and CEO Professor
The Center for Pain Relief Department of Anesthesiology
Clinical Professor of Anesthesiology Rush Medical College
West Virginia University School of Medicine Director
Charleston, WV, USA Orthopedic Anesthesia
Rush University Medical Center
Associate Editor-in-chief Chicago, IL, USA
Michael S. Leong, M.D.
Clinic Chief Vitaly Gordin, M.D.
Stanford Pain Medicine Center Associate Professor
Redwood City, CA, USA Associate Vice Chair of Pain Management
Clinical Associate Professor Department of Anesthesiology
Department of Anesthesiology Pennsylvania State University
Stanford University School of Medicine College of Medicine
Stanford, CA, USA Director
Pain Medicine
Milton S. Hershey Medical Center
Hershey, PA, USA
Philip S. Kim, M.D.
Medical Director
Center for Interventional Pain & Spine,
Newark, DE and Bryn Mawr, PA, USA
Sunil J. Panchal, M.D.
President
National Institute of Pain
Tampa, FL, USA
Albert L. Ray, M.D.
Medical Director
The LITE Center
South Miami, FL, USA
Clinical Associate Professor
University of Miami Miller School of Medicine
Miami, FL, USA
ISBN 978-1-4614-1559-6 ISBN 978-1-4614-1560-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-1560-2
Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London
Library of Congress Control Number: 2012954791
© American Academy of Pain Medicine 2013
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is
concerned, speci fi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, r ecitation, broadcasting, reproduction
on micro fi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation,
computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this
legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied speci fi cally
for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the
Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions
for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution
under the respective Copyright Law.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not
imply, even in the absence of a speci fi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and
regulations and therefore free for general use.
While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither
the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may
be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.
Printed on acid-free paper
Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
To my wonderful wife, Missy, and the blessings I have been given in my children Morgan,
Taylor, Reed, and Bailie.
I also want to thank my team for their awesome, continued support: Chris Kim, Rick
Bowman, Doug Stewart, Matt Ranson, Jeff Peterson, Michelle Miller, Wil Tolentino, and
Brian Yee.
Timothy R. Deer, M.D.
To all of my mentors, colleagues, and patients who have taught me about pain medicine.
I would also like to acknowledge the patience and love of my family, particularly my
children, Isabelle and Adam, as well as Brad, PFP, and little Mia. I have discovered more
about myself during my short career than I thought possible and hope to help many more
people cope with pain in the exciting future.
Michael S. Leong, M.D.
To Maria, Yuri, and Jacob for their patience and understanding, and to my fellows for
choosing the fi eld of pain management.
Vitaly Gordin, M.D.
To my very supportive wife, Gowthy, and my wonderful kids: Dhanya and Arjun Asokumar.
Asokumar Buvanendran, M.D.
To my very supportive wife, Claire, and my wonderful kids: Alex, Keira, and Grant.
Philip S. Kim, M.D.
To my children, Neha, Anjali, and Naresh, for their patience, support, and understanding.
Sunil J. Panchal, M.D.
To my family and The LITE Center team, who have been patient and allowed me time to do this
work.
Albert L. Ray, M.D.
Foreword
A brand new textbook is a testament to many things—an editor’s vision, many authors’ indi-
vidual and collective expertise, the publisher’s commitment, and all told, thousands of hours of
hard work. This book encapsulates all of this, and with its compendium of up-to-date informa-
tion covering the full spectrum of the fi eld of pain medicine, it stands as an authoritative and
highly practical reference for specialists and primary care clinicians alike. These attributes
would be ample, in and of themselves, yet this important addition to the growing pain medicine
library represents a rather novel attribute. It is a tangible embodiment of a professional medical
society’s fi delity to its avowed mission. With its commission of this text, under the editorial
stewardship of highly dedicated and seasoned pain medicine specialists, the American
Academy of Pain Medicine has made an important incremental step forward to realizing its
ambitious mission, “to optimize the health of patients in pain and eliminate the major public
health problem of pain by advancing the practice and specialty of pain medicine.”
This last year, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) of the National Academies undertook the
fi rst comprehensive evaluation of the state of pain care in the United States. This seminal work
culminated in a report and recommendations entitled “Relieving Pain in America: A Blueprint
for Transforming Prevention, Care, Education, and Research.” Clearly, as a nation, we have
much work to do in order to meet the extraordinary public health needs revealed by the IOM
committee. This comprehensive textbook is both timely and relevant as a resource for clini-
cians, educators, and researchers to ensure that the converging goals of the American Academy
of Pain Medicine and the Institute of Medicine are realized. This book has been written; it is
now all of ours to read and implement. Godspeed!
Salt Lake City, UT, USA Perry G. Fine, M.D.
vii
Foreword
The maturation of a medical specialty rests on both its ability to project its values, science, and
mission into the medical academy and the salience of its mission to the public health. The
arrival of the American Academy of Pain Medicine (AAPM)’s C omprehensive Treatment of
Chronic Pain by Medical , Interventional , and Integrative Approaches : the American Academy
of Pain Medicine Textbook on Patient Management is another accomplishment that signals
AAPM’s emergence as the premier medical organization solely dedicated to the development
of pain medicine as a specialty in the service of patients in pain and the public health.
Allow me the privilege of brief comment on our progress leading to this accomplishment.
The problem of pain as both a neurophysiological event and as human suffering has been a
core dialectic of the physician-healer experience over the millennia, driving scientifi c and reli-
gious inquiry in all cultures and civilizations. The sentinel concepts and historical develop-
ments in pain medicine science and practice are well outlined in this and other volumes. Our
history, like all of medicine’s, is replete with examples of sociopolitical forces fostering envi-
ronments in which individuals with vision and character initiated major advances in medical
care. Thus the challenge of managing chronic pain and suffering born of injuries to troops in
WWII galvanized John Bonica and other pioneers, representing several specialties, into action.
They refused to consider that their duty to these soldiers, and by extension their brethren in
chronic pain of all causes, was fi nished once pain was controlled after an acute injury or during
a surgical procedure. They and other clinicians joined scientists in forming the IASP
(International Association for the Study of Pain) in 1974, and the APS (American Pain Society)
was rati fi ed as its American chapter in 1978. Shortly thereafter, APS physicians with a primary
interest in the development of pain management as a distinct medical practice began discuss-
ing the need for an organizational home for physicians dedicated to pain treatment; in 1984,
they formally chartered AAPM. We soon obtained a seat in the AMA (American Medical
Association). Since then, we have provided over two decades of leadership to the “House of
Medicine,” culminating in leadership of the AMA’s Pain and Palliative Medicine Specialty
Section Council that sponsored and conducted the fi rst Pain Medicine Summit in 2009. The
summit, whose participants represented all specialties caring for pain, made speci fi c recom-
mendations to improve pain education for all medical students and pain medicine training of
residents in all specialties and to lengthen and strengthen the training of pain medicine special-
ists who would assume responsibility for the standards of pain education and care and help
guide research.
Other organizational accomplishments have also marked our maturation as a specialty. AAPM
developed a code of ethics for practice, delineated training and certifi c ation requirements, and
formed a certifying body (American Board of Pain Medicine, ABPM) whose examination was
based on the science and practice of our several parent specialties coalesced into one. We applied
for specialty recognition in ABMS (American Board of Medical Specialties), and we continue to
pursue this goal in coordination with other specialty organizations to assure the public and our
medical colleagues of adequate training for pain medicine specialists. We have become a recog-
nized and effective voice in medical policy. The AAPM, APS, and AHA (American Hospital
Association) established the Pain Care Coalition (PCC), recently joined by the ASA (American
Society of Anesthesiologists). Once again, by garnering sociopolitical support galvanized by
ix
Description:Edited by master clinician-experts appointed by the American Academy of Pain Medicine, this is a state-of-the-art multidisciplinary textbook covering medical, interventional, and integrative approaches to the treatment and management of pain. It is designed as a practical and comprehensive primary r
