Comprehensive Nanoscience and Technology. Volume 5. Self Assembly and Nanochemistry

478 Pages·34.887 MB·English

by  Andrews D.L., Scholes G.D., Wiederrecht G.P. (eds.)

Editors-in-Chief
David L. Andrews
SchoolofChemicalSciences,UniversityofEastAnglia,Norwich,UK
Gregory D. Scholes
DepartmentofChemistry,UniversityofToronto,Toronto,ON,Canada
Gary P. Wiederrecht
CenterforNanoscaleMaterials,ArgonneNationalLaboratory,Argonne,IL,USA
Editors-in-Chief: Biographies
DavidAndrewsisProfessorofChemicalPhysicsattheUniversityofEastAnglia,whereheleadsatheorygroup
conducting wide-ranging research on fundamental photonics, fluorescence and energy transport, nonlinear
optics and optomechanical forces. He has 250 research papers and ten other books to his name, and he is a
regularlyinvitedspeakeratinternationalmeetings.InNorthAmericaandEuropehehasorganizedandchaired
numerous international conferences on nanoscience and technology. Professor Andrews is a Fellow of the
Royal Society of Chemistry, the Institute of Physics, and the SPIE – the international society for optics and
photonics.Inhissparetimeheenjoysrelaxingwithfamilyandfriends;healsoisakeenpainteroftheBritish
landscape.Hisotherinterestsgenerallycentreonmusic,artandgraphics,andwriting.
GregScholesisaProfessorattheUniversityofTorontointheDepartmentofChemistry.Hispresentresearch
focuses on elucidating the principles deciding electronic structure, optical properties, and photophysics of
nanoscalesystemsbycombiningsynthesis,theory,andultrafastlaserspectroscopy.Recentawardshonoringhis
researchachievementsincludeelectiontotheAcademyofSciences,RoyalSocietyofCanadain2009,the2007
Royal Society of Canada Rutherford Medal in Chemistry, a 2007 NSERC Steacie Fellowship, the 2006
vii
viii Editors-in-ChiefBiographies
Canadian Society of Chemistry Keith Laidler Award, and an Alfred P. Sloan Fellowship (2005–2006). Dr.
ScholesservesasaSeniorEditorfortheJournalofPhysicalChemistryandAssociateEditorfortheJournalof
Nanophotonics.Heenjoysbasketball,hiking,photography,familyandfriends.
GaryWiederrechtistheGroupLeaderoftheNanophotonicsGroupintheCenterforNanoscaleMaterialsat
Argonne National Laboratory. His research interests center on the photochemistry and photophysics of
nanoparticles and periodic assemblies, hybrid nanostructures, photochemical energy conversion, and non-
linear optical responses resulting from photoinduced charge separation. His experimental expertise is in the
areas of ultrafast optical spectroscopy and scanning probe microscopy, including near-field scanning optical
microscopy. He has received an R&D100 award, the Department of Energy Young Scientist Award, and the
PresidentialEarlyCareerAwardforScientistsandEngineers.Hehasauthoredorco-authoredapproximately
80 peer-reviewed research articles, and works collaboratively with scientists around the world. He enjoys
traveling,nature,andspendingtimewithhisfamily.
VOLUME EDITORS
AlexandreBouhelier
InsititutCarnotdeBourgogne,Universite´ deBourgogne,
Dijon,France
FrankCaruso
TheUniversityofMelbourne,Parkville,VIC,Australia
DuncanH.Gregory
UniversityofGlasgow,Glasgow,UK
BrentP.Kreuger
HopeCollege,Holland,MI,USA
ThomasNann
UniversityofEastAnglia,Norwich,UK
TeriW.Odom
NorthwesternUniversity,Evanston,IL,USA
JohnC.Polanyi
UniversityofToronto,Toronto,ON,Canada
JohnA.Rogers
UniversityofIllinois,Urbana,IL,USA
TakaoSomeya
TheUniversityofTokyo,Tokyo,Japan
YugangSun
CenterforNanoscaleMaterials,ArgonneNationalLaboratory,
Argonne,IL,USA
RienkVanGrondelle
VUUniversity,Amsterdam,TheNetherlands
ZeevValentineVardeny
UniversityofUtah,SaltLakeCity,UT,USA
GilbertC.Walker
UniversityofToronto,Toronto,ON,Canada
ix
Preface to Volume 5
Self-assembly and nanochemistry go hand-in-hand. Nanochemistry uses the principles and methods of
chemistry to assemble complex nanoscale systems. New materials formed in this manner are envisioned to
playanimportantroleinfuturedirectionsofresearch,innovation,andmanufacturingbecausethesematerial
systems can be produced with desirable properties integrated. Part of the attraction is the sophistication of
functionality that can be engineered into nanoscale materials. For example, optimized, photostable fluoro-
phoreshavebeendemonstratedthatareeasilysolutionprocessedandfunctionalizedtobindspecificanalytes.
Whiletheamateurscientistwillhaveheardofmany(sofar)fictionalwondernanomaterialsinthisvein,many
exquisite state-of-the-art examples are described in this volume. The power of self-assembly is that such
sophisticatedsystemscanbeconstructedautomatically,overahierarchyoflengthscales,throughthecontrolof
intermolecular forces.Assembly could not otherwise be achieved in any practical fashion because of the tiny
dimensions involved. Polymer chemistry has played a central role in establishing important underlying
concepts. These ideas have evolved and diversified, and the incredible control of the chemist is evident in
templatingmethodsunderpinningsoftlithographyandmesostructuredinverseopalmaterials.
Thebreadthofmolecules,chemistry,andmaterialsthatarebeingdiscoveredinthisfieldisstunning.This
volume of Comprehensive Nanoscience and Technology will give the reader a sense of the cutting-edge directions
presently being explored in the area classified as ‘self-assembly and nanochemistry’. At the same time,
accessible introductions to these topics are provided. Thespecialist will be inspired by the detailedaccounts
presented in these chapters, with topics ranging from the molecular-scale organization of mesogens, amphi-
philes and polymers, to the preparation and functionalization of fullerenes, nanocrystals, and zeolites, to the
assembly of sophisticated capsules, mesostructures, nanocomposites, and emulsions. The general reader will
appreciate why contributions to this field have multiplied many times over the past decade, transforming
materialschemistryintothevividandexcitingfielditistoday.
GregoryD.Scholes
xxviii
Foreword
Nanotechnology and its underpinning sciences are progressing with unprecedented rapidity. With technical
advancesinavarietyofnanoscalefabricationandmanipulationtechnologies,thewholetopicalareaismaturing
intoavibrantfieldthatisgeneratingnewscientificresearchandaburgeoningrangeofcommercialapplications,
withanannualmarketalreadyatthetrilliondollarthreshold.Themeansoffabricatingandcontrollingmatter
onthenanoscaleaffordstrikingandunprecedentedopportunitiestoexploitavarietyofexoticphenomenasuch
as quantum, nanophotonic, and nanoelectromechanical effects. Moreover, researchers are elucidating new
perspectives on the electronic and optical properties of matter because of the way that nanoscale materials
bridge the disparate theories describing molecules and bulk matter. Surface phenomena also gain a greatly
increased significance; even the well-known link between chemical reactivity and surface-to-volume ratio
becomesamajordeterminantofphysicalproperties,whenitoperatesovernanoscaledimensions.
Against this background, this comprehensive work is designed to address the need for a dynamic, author-
itative,andreadilyaccessiblesourceofinformation,capturingthefullbreadthofthesubject.Itsfivevolumes,
coveringabroadspectrumofdisciplinesincludingmaterialsciences,chemistry,physics,andlifesciences,have
been written and edited by an outstanding team of international experts. Addressing an extensive, cross-
disciplinaryaudience,eachchapteraimstocoverkeydevelopmentsinascholarly,readable,andcriticalstyle,
providing an indispensible first point of entry to the literature for scientists and technologists from inter-
disciplinaryfields.Theworkfocusesonthemajorclassesofnanomaterialsintermsoftheirsynthesis,structure,
and applications, reviewing nanomaterials and their respective technologies in well-structured and compre-
hensivearticleswithextensivecross-references.
Ithasbeenaconstantsurpriseanddelighttohavefound,amongtherapidlyescalatingnumberwhoworkin
nanoscienceandtechnology,somanyhighlyesteemedauthorswillingtocontribute.Sharingouranticipationof
a major addition to the literature, they have also captured the excitement of the field itself in each carefully
crafted chapter. Along with our painstaking and meticulous volume editors, full credit for the success of this
enterprisemustgototheseindividuals,togetherwithourthanksfor(largely)adheringtothegivendeadlines.
Lastly, we record our sincere thanks and appreciation for the skills and professionalism of the numerous
Elsevierstaffwhohavebeeninvolvedinthisproject,notablyFionaGeraghty,MeganPalmer,LauraJackson,
andGregHarris,andespeciallyDonnaDeWeerd-Wilsonwhohassteereditthroughfromitsinception.We
havegreatlyenjoyedworkingwiththemall,aswehavewitheachother.
DavidL.Andrews
GregoryD.Scholes
GaryP.Wiederrecht
xxiii
Permission Acknowledgments
ThefollowingmaterialisreproducedwithkindpermissionofNaturePublishingGroup
Figures7(a-c),14(a,b)and15(a-d)ofAssemblyofNanoparticles
Figures5(a,b),7and8ofCarbonNanotubes:ElectronicStructureandSpectroscopy
Figures1(a-c),6(a-c),8(left),8(a,b:right),15,16(a,b),23(left),29and31ofOrganicSpintronics
Figures5(a-d),8,9and42ofQuantumDots:SynthesisandCharacterization
Figure8ofInorganicNanowires
Figure37ofMagneticNanoparticles
Figures1,2,8,15(a-h),16(a-f),21,25(a,b),29(a,b)and31ofPeriodicMesoporousMaterials:HolesFilledwith
Opportunities
Figures13and17(a-h)ofNanocrystalSynthesis
Figure13ofMesogensandMesophases
Figures16(a,b)ofNanoparticlesforPhotodynamicTherapy
Figures8(a-d),14(a-e)and32(a-d)ofPhotonicNanoparticlesforCellularandTissularLabeling
Figures6a,6cand10ofFo¨rsterResonanceEnergyTransfer
Figures4cand6(a-c)ofTissueEngineering
Figures8a,9(a-c)and12(a,b)ofProteinNanomechanics
Figures11and12(a,b)ofSingle-MoleculeandNanoscaleApproachestoBiologicalSignaling
Figures3,7(a-e),8(a-l),18(a,b),19(a,b),20(a-d),29(a-i),32(a,h),36(a-o)ofDirectedAssemblyof
Nanostructures
Figures5(a-g),12(a-c),13(a-c),14(a-c),16(a-d),19,20,21(a,b)and22ofBio-MediatedAssemblyofOrdered
NanoparticleSuperstructures
Figures7,12and13(leftandmiddle)ofChiralMoleculesonSurfaces
Figure15aofTribologyofNanostructuredSurfaces
Figure17(a,b)ofFunctionalizationandSolubilizationofCarbonandInorganicNanostructures
Figure8(a,b)ofSub-MicrometerPatterningUsingSoftLithography
Figures10(b),12(a,b),13,16(a-e)and17(a,b)ofPicoliterPrinting
Figure17ofColloidalSemiconductorNanocrystal-EnabledOrganic/InorganicHybridLightEmitting
Devices
Figure6(b)ofMolecularMachinesandMotors
Figure32(b)ofSpin-BasedDataStorage
Figure17(a,b)ofRare-EarthDopedUpconversionNanophosphors
http://www.nature.com/nature
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ii PermissionAcknowledgments
ThefollowingmaterialisreproducedwithkindpermissionofAmericanAssociationforthe
AdvancementofScience
Figure1ofQuantumDots:SynthesisandCharacterization
Figure9ofCore–ShellNanocrystals
Figure13ofInorganicNanotubesbeyondCylindricalMatter
Figure3(l),4and10(a-c)ofAssemblyofNanoparticles
Figures7(a-f)ofPeriodicMesoporousMaterials:HolesFilledwithOpportunities
Figures7(a)and12(a-c)ofSelf-AssemblyofNanoparticleBuildingBlocks
Figure3ofPhotonicNanoparticlesforCellularandTissularLabeling
Figure33(a-e)ofDirectedAssemblyofNanostructures
Figure10(a-e)ofBio-MediatedAssemblyofOrderedNanoparticleSuperstructures
Figures5and15(b)ofTribologyofNanostructuredSurfaces
Figure6(a,b)ofPicoliterPrinting
Figure19ofColloidalSemiconductorNanocrystal-EnabledOrganic/InorganicHybridLightEmitting
Devices
Figures35(a-d),36(a-e)andTable2ofSpin-BasedDataStorage
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ThefollowingmaterialisreproducedwithkindpermissionofTaylor&FrancisLtd
Figure9ofMesogensandMesophases
Figures21and22ofTribologyofNanostructuredSurfaces
Figure3(a,b)ofFunctionalizationandSolubilizationofCarbonandInorganicNanostructures
Figure22ofOrganicElectronicDeviceswithWater-DispersibleConductingPolymers
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Table1ofDirectedAssemblyofNanostructures
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5.01 Porous Metal–Organic Frameworks
QFang,JSculley,andH-CJZhou,TexasA&MUniversity,CollegeStation,TX,USA
GZhu,JilinUniversity,Changchun,P.R.China
ª2011ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved.
5.01.1 Introduction 1
5.01.2 InorganicSBUsandOrganicLinkers 2
5.01.3 ArchitectureoftheNetworks 2
5.01.4 PorousStructures 3
5.01.4.1 0DCage 3
5.01.4.2 1DChannels 3
5.01.4.3 2DLayers 4
5.01.4.4 3DChannels 5
5.01.5 SynthesisofMOFs 5
5.01.5.1 InfluencingFactors 5
5.01.5.2 Solvent-EvaporationSynthesis 5
5.01.5.3 DiffusionSynthesis 5
5.01.5.4 Hydrothermal(orSolvothermal)Synthesis 6
5.01.5.5 Microwave-ReactionSynthesis 6
5.01.5.6 IonothermalSynthesis 6
5.01.5.7 ElectrochemicalSynthesis 6
5.01.5.8 High-ThroughputSynthesis 6
5.01.6 FunctionsofMOFs 7
5.01.6.1 GasStorage 7
5.01.6.1.1 HydrogenStorage 7
5.01.6.1.2 MethaneStorage 8
5.01.6.1.3 CarbonDioxideStorage 8
5.01.6.2 SelectiveGasAdsorptionsandSeparations 10
5.01.6.3 Catalysis 11
5.01.6.4 Magnetism 13
5.01.6.5 Optics 13
5.01.6.6 Sensor 14
5.01.6.7 DrugDelivery 15
5.01.7 SummaryandOutlook 15
References 16
5.01.1 Introduction between the two previously mentioned classes of
porous materials [6–26]. MOFs are built up of
Porousmaterials,eithernaturalorartificial,havelong metalionsormetalionclustersconnectedtoorganic
attractedtheattentionofchemists,physicists,andmate- ligands possessing multidentate groups by strong
rials scientists, much of this interest owing to the ionocovalent or dative bonds. There are examples
potentialpropertiesoflargepores.Basedontheircom- of MOFs containing metals ranging from alkaline
position,theseporousmaterialscanbeclassifiedastwo earthtotransitiontop-blockmetalsandlanthanides.
types:inorganicandcarbon-basedmaterials[1–5]. MOFs attracted a great deal of attention in the
Recently,anew class ofporousmaterials,metal– 1990s,asisapparentfromtheremarkableincreasein
organic frameworks (MOFs, also referred to as por- the number of papers published in this area during
ous coordination polymers (PCPs)), has undergone this time. The attention stems from the synthesis of
rapid development and begun to bridge the gap MOFs, which can exhibit completely regular large
1