Comprehensive management of skull base tumors

670 Pages·2021·260.402 MB·English

by  Franco DeMonte (editor), Ehab Y. Hanna (editor)

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Comprehensive Management of Skull Base Tumors
Second Edition
EhabY.Hanna,MD,FACS
Professor,ViceChairman,andDirectorof
SkullBaseSurgery
DepartmentofHeadandNeckSurgery
MedicalDirector,HeadandNeckCenter
UniversityofTexasMDAndersonCancer
Center
Houston,Texas
FrancoDeMonte,MD,FRCSC,FACS
MaryBethPawelekChair inNeurosurgery
ProfessorofNeurosurgeryandHeadand
NeckSurgery
Director,DavidC.NicholsonMicrosurgical
andEndoscopicCenterforClinical
ApplicationsLaboratory
Director,SkullBaseProgram
DepartmentofNeurosurgery
UniversityofTexasMDAndersonCancer
Center
Houston,Texas
1688illustrations
Thieme
NewYork•Stuttgart•Delhi•RiodeJaneiro
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Thisbookisdedicatedto
MyWife,Sylvie,
Forhergrace,sacrifice,andsupport;
Ourdaughters,GabrielleGrace“Gigi”HannaandCamilleLaurenHanna,
Forthejoyandblessingtheybringtoourlives;
Myparents
Whoencouragedmetofollowmydreams;
MyMentors
Whoinspiredmetopursueexcellence;
Myfellows,residents,andstudents,
Whocontinuetoteachme;
Andmypatients,
Whoseendurance,resilience,andfaithcontinuetoamazeme.
–EhabY.Hanna,MD,FACS
DedicatedtoPaula,withloveandthanks!
–FrancoDeMonte,MD,FRCSC,FACS
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Contents
Videos ............................................................................ xxiii
Preface............................................................................ xxiv
Acknowledgments................................................................. xxv
Contributors ...................................................................... xxvi
SectionI:GeneralPrinciples
1 SurgicalAnatomyoftheCranialBase:TranscranialandEndonasalApproaches........... 3
CarolinaMartins,GeorgiosA.Zenonos,EzequielGoldschmidt,JuanC.Fernandez-Miranda,andAlbertL.RhotonJr.†
1.1 CranialBaseAnatomyfromtheTranscranial 1.2.2 ThePituitaryGlandandSuprasellarSpace..... 9
Perspective............................... 3 1.2.3 AnteriorCranialBase....................... 9
1.2.4 TheCavernousSinus ....................... 10
1.1.1 AnteriorCranialBase ....................... 3 1.2.5 TheClivalandPetroclivalRegions............ 10
1.1.2 MiddleCranialBase ........................ 3 1.2.6 SubdivisionoftheVentralClivus............. 11
1.1.3 PosteriorSkullBase......................... 6 1.2.7 PetroclivalRegionandJugularForamen....... 12
1.2 CranialBaseAnatomyfromtheEndonasal 1.3 Conclusion............................... 13
Perspective............................... 7
1.2.1 TheSphenoidSinus......................... 7
2 ThePathologyofTumorsandTumorlikeLesionsof theSkullBase ......................... 14
DianaBell,GregoryN.Fuller,andAdelK.El-Naggar
2.1 Introduction.............................. 14 2.4.3 Rhinoscleroma ............................ 18
2.4.4 GranulomatosiswithPolyangiitis ............ 18
2.2 BiopsiesandFrozenSections............... 14 2.4.5 Histiocytosis-X(EosinophilicGranuloma) ..... 18
2.4.6 Myospherulosis............................ 19
2.3 NonneoplasticandCongenitalLesions...... 14
2.5 MalignantEpithelialNeoplasms ........... 19
2.3.1 Encephalocele ............................. 14
2.3.2 NasalGlialHeterotopia...................... 14 2.5.1 SquamousCarcinoma....................... 19
2.3.3 RespiratoryEpithelialAdenomatoid 2.5.2 SinonasalUndifferentiatedCarcinoma ........ 20
Hamartoma ............................... 14 2.5.3 SMARCB1(INI1)-DeficientSinonasal
2.3.4 SeromucinousHamartomas ................. 15 Carcinoma................................ 21
2.3.5 EctopicPituitaryAdenoma .................. 16 2.5.4 NasopharyngealCarcinoma ................. 22
2.3.6 InflammatoryPseudotumor ................. 16 2.5.5 NuclearProteininTestisCarcinoma .......... 22
2.3.7 SinonasalPolyps ........................... 16 2.5.6 SinonasalAdenocarcinoma.................. 23
2.3.8 Sinonasal(Schneiderian)Papilloma........... 16 2.5.7 Salivary-TypeAdenocarcinomas.............. 23
2.3.9 HumanPapillomavirus...................... 17 2.5.8 HumanPapillomavirus–RelatedCarcinoma
2.3.10 ExophyticSinonasal(Schneiderian)Papilloma.. 17 withAdenoidCystic–likeFeatures............ 23
2.3.11 CylindricalCellPapilloma ................... 17 2.5.9 NonsalivaryGlandAdenocarcinoma.......... 24
2.3.12 InvertedSinonasal(Schneiderian)Papilloma... 17
2.6 MesenchymalTumors..................... 24
2.4 InflammatoryandGranulomatous
Conditions................................ 17 2.6.1 BenignTumors ............................ 24
2.6.2 LobularCapillaryHemangioma(Pyogenic
2.4.1 AllergicFungalSinusitis..................... 17 Granuloma)............................... 24
2.4.2 InvasiveFungalSinusitis..................... 18 2.6.3 Glomangiopericytoma(Sinonasal
Hemangiopericytoma)...................... 25
†Deceased
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Contents
2.6.4 NasopharyngealAngiofibroma............... 26 2.9.1 NeuroendocrineCarcinoma.................. 37
2.6.5 Myxoma.................................. 26 2.9.2 CarcinoidandAtypicalCarcinoidTumors ...... 37
2.6.6 PEComa(PerivascularEpithelioidCellTumor).. 26 2.9.3 LargeCellNeuroendocrineCarcinoma......... 37
2.9.4 SmallCellNeuroendocrineCarcinoma......... 38
2.7 MalignantNeoplasms..................... 27 2.9.5 Paraganglioma............................. 38
2.9.6 Melanoma................................. 38
2.7.1 Rhabdomyosarcoma........................ 27 2.9.7 MelanoticNeuroectodermalTumorofInfancy.. 39
2.7.2 Fibrosarcoma.............................. 28 2.9.8 BiphenotypicSinonasalSarcoma.............. 39
2.7.3 SynovialSarcoma .......................... 28 2.9.9 DesmoplasticSmallRoundCellTumor......... 40
2.7.4 Hemangioendothelioma/Epithelioid
Hemangioendothelioma .................... 29 2.10 LymphoproliferativeDisorders............. 41
2.7.5 Angiosarcoma............................. 29
2.7.6 Chordoma ................................ 29 2.10.1 SinusHistiocytosiswithMassive
2.7.7 Chondrosarcoma........................... 33 Lymphadenopathy(Rosai-DorfmanDisease).... 41
2.7.8 Osteosarcoma............................. 34 2.10.2 Lymphoma ................................ 41
2.8 NeurogenicNeoplasms ................... 34 2.11 Miscellaneous............................. 42
2.8.1 OlfactoryNeuroblastoma ................... 35 2.11.1 Teratocarcinosarcoma....................... 42
2.8.2 EwingFamilyTumors....................... 36 2.11.2 Meningioma............................... 43
2.8.3 Adamantinoma-likeEwingFamilyTumors..... 36 2.11.3 Ameloblastoma ............................ 43
2.9 NeuroendocrineNeoplasms............... 37 2.12 MetastaticNeoplasms..................... 43
3 ImagingofSkullBaseNeoplasms............................................................... 48
KomalShahandLawrenceE.Ginsberg
3.1 Introduction.............................. 48 3.5 PosteriorCranialBase ..................... 55
3.2 SelectionofImagingModality............. 48 3.6 MarrowSpace ............................ 59
3.3 AnteriorCranialBase ..................... 48 3.7 Conclusion................................ 61
3.4 CentralSkullBase......................... 49
4 Head,Neck,andNeuro-otologicAssessmentofPatientswithSkullBaseTumors......... 75
PaulW.Gidley
4.1 Introduction.............................. 75 4.3 Audiometric,Vestibular,and
ElectromyographicTests................... 87
4.2 PhysicalExamination ..................... 75
4.3.1 BasicAudiometry........................... 88
4.2.1 Head,Scalp,andSkinExams................. 75 4.3.2 AuditoryBrainstemResponses ............... 93
4.2.2 Eye,Orbit,andEyeMovementExams......... 76 4.3.3 OtoacousticEmissions....................... 97
4.2.3 EarExams ................................ 78 4.3.4 Electronystagmography ..................... 98
4.2.4 NoseandNasopharynxExams............... 79 4.3.5 RotatoryChairTesting....................... 99
4.2.5 OralCavityandOropharynxExams........... 80 4.3.6 ComputerizedDynamicPosturography........ 99
4.2.6 ExamsoftheLarynx........................ 81 4.3.7 VestibularEvokedPotentials ................. 100
4.2.7 Neck,Parotid,andThyroidExams............ 81
4.2.8 ExamsoftheCranialNerves................. 82 4.4 Conclusion................................ 100
4.2.9 GaitandBalanceTesting.................... 85
5 AnesthesiaandIntraoperativeMonitoringofPatientswithSkullBaseTumors............ 104
WalterS.Jellish†andStevenB.Edelstein
5.1 Introduction.............................. 104 5.2 PatientPositioning........................ 104
5.2.1 SupinePosition............................. 104
†Deceased 5.2.2 PronePosition ............................. 104
viii