Comprehensive glossary of terms used in toxicology

776 Pages·2017·5.752 MB·English

by  John Duffus, Douglas M Templeton, Michael Schwenk, International Union of Pure and Applied

Comprehensive Glossary of Terms Used in Toxicology
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Comprehensive Glossary of
Terms Used in Toxicology
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4- John Duffus
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7 TheEdinburghCentreforToxicology,UK
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62 Email:j.h.duff[email protected]
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7 Douglas M. Templeton
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39/ UniversityofToronto,Canada
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1 Email:[email protected]
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sc. Michael Schwenk
bs.r FederalPublicHealthDepartment,Germany
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1 PrintISBN:978-1-78262-137-9
doi: PDFeISBN:978-1-78262-372-4
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s.r AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
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2 Apartfromfairdealingforthepurposesofresearchfornon-commercialpurposesorfor
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5
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F Preface
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10 This book represents a culmination, or at least a resting point, in the long-term
10. projectthathasresultedinfiveglossariespublishedasIUPACRecommendationsin
oi: Pure and Applied Chemistry.1–5 The project was initiated in 1989 by the IUPAC
d
g | Commission on Toxicology to provide a glossary of definitions of terms used in
or toxicology. The impetus was the recognition that toxic substances (indeed all sub-
c.
bs.rs smtaenchceasn)isamres‘o‘cfhteomxiicciatylso’’,fathnedstuhbasttathnecreesiwsitahnwehedichfotrhcehyedmeaisl.tsBtoothuinnddeurssttarinadlatnhde
u
p://p asacfaedeenmviicrornemseeanrcth.Ecvheenmthisotsseawrehofamceadywniotthbaentreavienre-dinacsrecahseinmgisbtusrmdeunstiunseencshuerminigcaal
n htt and toxicological principles in formulating and enforcing the current legislation
7 o introduced to ensure safe handling of substances throughout their life cycle. Thus,
01 there is a need for an unambiguous vocabulary of terms, both for specialist inter-
2
y pretationoftherelevantliteratureandforwarningabouthazardandriskthatmust
Jul becontrolledandeliminatedorminimized.
12 Thestartingpointoftheprojectwasageneralglossaryoftermsintoxicologythat
. on collected relevant terms from a variety of sources and revised many of them, with
ed contributionsfromspecialistscoveringthewiderangeofknowledgerequired.IUPAC
h
blis specialistsinterminologyadvisedondetailsofpresentationoftermsanddefinitions.
u TheresultantglossarywassubmittedtoPureandAppliedChemistryforpublication
P
following the normal refereeing process for an IUPAC Recommendation.6 This
procedurehasbeenthefoundationforfutureglossarydevelopment.
Theoriginalglossarywasfollowedbyaglossaryoftermsintoxicokinetics.7These
two glossaries were later combined and revised,1 taking into account more recent
developments in toxicological science and regulatory activity. Thereafter, it became
clearthatthereweregapsincoverageoftermsrelatedtospecializedaspectsoftox-
icologythatwerebecomingincreasinglyimportantintheirownright.Theseareasof
toxicology were covered in new IUPAC glossaries of terms used in ecotoxicology,2
immunotoxicology,2 neurotoxicology,4 and reproductive toxicology and teratology.5
This book consolidates all these documents, and expands their contents with the
additionoftermsthathavebeennewlyintroducedintoxicologyorwhoseabsencein
thepreviouspublicationswefeltshouldbeaddressed.Wehavetakentheopportunity
to harmonize definitions between the various sub-disciplines of toxicology, and to
correct a few errors and oversights in our earlier work. Retrospection has also
resultedinauniformsyntaxandformattingfortheconstructionandpresentationof
ComprehensiveGlossaryofTermsUsedinToxicology
ByJohnDuffus,DouglasM.TempletonandMichaelSchwenk
rInternationalUnionofPureandAppliedChemistry,2017
PublishedbytheRoyalSocietyofChemistry,www.rsc.org
v
View Online
vi Preface
definitionsthatwebelieveisanimprovementonthatusedintheearlierglossaries;
we hope that the current document will thus contribute to the continuing develop-
mentoftheIUPACstandardforsuchdocuments.
Inacompilationoftermsthatintendstobeanythingshortofacompletewordlist
ofthelanguage,decisionsofinclusionandexclusionmustbemade.Thevocabulary
of toxicology necessarily overlaps with those of medicine, physiology, biochemistry
5 andecology,tonameafew,andthistakesusonoccasionintothemorespecialized
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P0 realms of cognate disciplines such as anatomy, histology, immunology, neuro-
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4- science, molecular biology, epidemiology and population biology. We have also in-
72 cludedanumberoftermsinregulatorytoxicologyandjurisdictionalmattersrelating
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2 toharmfulsubstances.Ineachcase,wherewehavedrawnthelineoninclusionre-
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82 flects our personal preferences, based on decisions about what we think will be a
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1 reasonable collection of terms, hoping both to achieve internal consistency and to
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97 meet the needs of most readers who may consult the glossary as they explore the
39/ relevanttoxicological literature.Our aimhasbeen toprovidea one-stop glossary of
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1 terms commonly used in toxicology so that chemists reading the toxicological lit-
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1 eraturewillnotoftenneedtoconsultsecondarysourcesinordertounderstandterms
doi: withwhichtheyareunfamiliar.
g | Allheadwordsarelistedinthesingular,inboldtype,withthedefinitionfollowing
c.or inplaintext.Whenthepluralmaybeanonstandardform,itislistedanddesignated
s.rs (pl), e.g., ‘‘meninx/meninges (pl)’’. When the form of speech may be unclear it is
ub specified as (n), (v) or (adj) after the headword, and when more than one form of
p
http:// slipseteedc.hWishienndiacadteedfi,ntihtieondeifnincliutidoensiaswterrimttenthsaot aissittosealpfpalnyottohethredfeifrisntepdartteromfsipneethche
n glossary, the term is italicized for cross-referencing, but only at first use in the
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7 individualentry.However,werealizethatcompletecross-referencinginthismanner
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0 is nearly impossible to achieve – nor is it desirable, as italicizing too many general
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y terms in a definition detracts from its readability, and here judgment has been
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J exercised.Italicizingofindividualwordsdoesnotalwaysmeantheycombinetoform
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1 a defined term. For instance, under ‘‘optimal stress response’’, somatic growth rate
. on appearsinitalics.Thisgroupingdoesnotitselfoccurasaheadword,butratherthe
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e three words ‘somatic’, ‘growth’, and ‘rate’ are defined individually, and would be
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blis consulted in sequence for a full explanation of the term. Because Latin names of
Pu biological species are italicized by convention, they are additionally in bold here to
avoidconfusionwithcross-referencing.
Notesareincludedformanyterms;thesearenotintendedtobeencyclopedic,but
rathertoprovideclarificationorremoveambiguitywhenastrictdefinitionmaynotbe
entirelyclear.Notesarealsousedtoindicatewhenatermmaybeincommonusebut
its use is to be discouraged (e.g., ‘‘heavy metal’’). In general, commonly preferred or
American spelling has been adopted for the main entry terms; thus, for example,
anesthetic (not anaesthetic), neuron (not neurone), disc (not disk), and tumor (not
tumour).Further,somewhatarbitrarydecisionshavenecessarilybeenmadeinlisting
alternative forms of terms as the headword (e.g., vasospasm instead of angiospasm,
b-blocker instead of b-antagonist, and intervertebral disc instead of spinal disc).
Wehavegenerallytriedtousetheformweconsidertobeinmostcommonusage,and
tocross-referencetheless-usedtermifitseemsalsotobecommon;but,ifadesired
entryisnotfoundunderoneconstruction,itmayhavetobesoughtunderanother.
We attempt to give a correct IUPAC name for all chemical structures mentioned,
and the manuscript has been passed by the IUPAC Interdivisional Committee on
Terminology,NomenclatureandSymbols(ICTNS).This,too,canbecomeadaunting
task when particularly lengthy names for complex natural products or phar-
maceuticals are involved. And, in some cases different ‘correct’ IUPAC conventions
may lead to alternative names, with the Preferred IUPAC Name (PIN) not always
available in the literature. When a drug name is given as the International Non-
proprietary Name, it is indicated as such by ‘(INN)’. Enzyme Commission (EC)
numbersareprovidedforenzymes.
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Preface vii
Inexisting glossaries, dictionaries, orothercompilations ofwords, compound or
multi-wordtermsareoftenlistedconsistentlyunderthefinalword(e.g.,‘‘compound
term: See term, compound’’) without regard to what component of the term the
user may be most likely to be searching. Here, we do so judiciously. For instance,
we suppose it is helpful to list various antibodies (anti-idiotypic, blocking, cross-
reacting,enhancing,...)ormazes(Barnes,Bielwater,elevatedplus,radialarm,...)
5 togetherunder‘‘antibody’’or‘‘maze’’,respectively.Butwehavedecidedthesameis
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P0 not true of various ‘‘models’’, and ‘‘biotic ligand model’’, ‘‘biphasic dose-effect
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4- model’’,‘‘conceptualsitemodel’’and‘‘two-compartmentmodel’’arealphabetizedas
72 writtenhere.Inmostcaseswehaveincludedcross-referencingforcompoundterms
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2 to the form associated with the definition. Our decisions are necessarily somewhat
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82 arbitrary,andmaynotsuittheneedsofallusers.Wecan’tgivespecificguidancein
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1 thesecases,butsuggestthatforsuchmulti-wordterms,thereadershouldconsider
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97 possiblevariants.
39/ Anoteonsources:Alldefinitionstakenfromtheearliersources1–5areindicatedas
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1 [ref. 1], [ref. 2], etc. Modifications are designated as ‘‘[After ref. X]’’, and new terms
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1 or those substantially modified from our previous glossaries are designated ‘‘[*]’’.
doi: Severaloftheapproximately5,000definitionsaretakenfromtheIUPACGoldBook8
g | onchemicalterminology,andaredesignatedas‘‘[ref.8]’’.Whenadefinitioniscited
c.or asbeingfromanyof[ref.1–5],thereadermaylooktothatpublicationtoseewhether
s.rs it originated there, or is attributed to, or modified from, an earlier source. All
ub references(1–8)arecurrentlyopenaccessonline.
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p://
htt Acknowledgments
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7 o A large number of reviewers, some identified and some anonymous, have made
01 invaluablecontributions tothe development ofthis work, andmany(whenknown)
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y have been acknowledged in the individual documents.1–7 Early encouragement was
Jul provided bysuccessive Chairs ofthe IUPAC Commission on Toxicology (COMTOX),
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1 Profs. Philippe Grandjean and Rita Cornelis, and their support has continued
. on throughouttheyears. ThemeticulousworkofDr.Karl-HeinzHellwichinreviewing
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e all the nomenclature was invaluable. We would particularly like to single out our
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ublis caonaduRtheoinrshiolndtKhleeifno.u3ndationpublications,Profs.MonicaNordberg,1,2OleAndersen2
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References
1. J. H. Duffus, M. Nordberg and D. M. Templeton, Glossary of terms used in
toxicology,2ndedition,PureAppl.Chem.,2007,79,1153–1344.
2. M.Nordberg, D.M.Templeton, O.Andersenand J. H.Duffus, Glossary ofterms
usedinecotoxicology,PureAppl.Chem.,2009,81,829–97.
3. D.M.Templeton,M.Schwenk,R.KleinandJ.H.Duffus,Glossaryoftermsusedin
immunotoxicology,PureAppl.Chem.,2012,84,1113–1295.
4. D.M.Templeton,M.SchwenkandJ.H.Duffus,IUPACGlossaryoftermsusedin
neurotoxicology,PureAppl.Chem.,2015,87,841–927.
5. J.H.Duffus,M.SchwenkandD.M.Templeton,IUPACGlossaryoftermsusedin
developmentalandreproductivetoxicology,PureAppl.Chem.,2016,88,713–830.
6. J.H.Duffus,Glossaryforchemistsoftermsusedintoxicology,PureAppl.Chem.,
1993,65,2003–2122.
7. M. Nordberg, J. H. Duffus and D. M. Templeton, Glossary of terms used in
toxicokinetics,PureAppl.Chem.,2004,76,1033–1082.
8. IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology – the Gold Book, Version 2.3.3,
2005-2014,http://goldbook.iupac.org/pdf/goldbook.pdf.
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97 Alphabetical List of Terms
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Terms beginning with K 364
Terms beginning with L 370
Terms beginning with M 394
Terms beginning with N 448
ComprehensiveGlossaryofTermsUsedinToxicology
ByJohnDuffus,DouglasM.TempletonandMichaelSchwenk
rInternationalUnionofPureandAppliedChemistry,2017
PublishedbytheRoyalSocietyofChemistry,www.rsc.org
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x Contents
Terms beginning with O 474
Terms beginning with P 488
Terms beginning with Q 546
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12 Appendix I A Selection of Toxic Substances 712
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he Appendix II Abbreviations used in this Glossary 747
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Organizations, Legislative Terms and Regulatory
Bodies 763