Comprehensive Clinical Nephrology: Expert Consult

1288 Pages·2014·325.478 MB·English

by  Richard J. Johnson, John Feehally, Jürgen Floege

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Comprehensive
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Nephrology
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Comprehensive
Clinical
Nephrology
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Fifth Edition R
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Richard J. Johnson, MD t
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Professor of Medicine
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Division Chief .i
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Tomas Berl Professor of Nephrology -
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University of Colorado–Denver 9 n
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Denver, Colorado, USA a
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John Feehally, DM, FRCP
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Professor of Renal Medicine
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The John Walls Renal Unit v
Leicester General Hospital
Leicester, United Kingdom
Jürgen Floege, MD, FERA
Professor of Medicine
Director
Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology
RWTH University of Aachen
Aachen, Germany
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1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd.
Ste 1800
Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899
COMPREHENSIVE CLINICAL NEPHROLOGY ISBN: 978-1-4557-5838-8
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Notices G
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Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience bVroaden
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Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledgee in evaluating
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With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most .
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Comprehensive clinical nephrology / [edited by] Richard J. Johnson, John Feehally, Jürgen Floege.—
Fifth edition.
p. ; cm.
Preceded by: Comprehensive clinical nephrology / [edited by] Jürgen Floege, Richard J. Johnson,
John Feehally. 4th ed.
c2010.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4557-5838-8 (hardcover : alk. paper)
I. Johnson, Richard J. (Richard Joseph), 1953- editor. II. Feehally, John, editor. III. Floege,
Jürgen, editor.
[DNLM: 1. Kidney Diseases. 2. Nephrology—methods. WJ 300]
RC902
616.6′1—dc23
2014017895
Content Strategist: Helene Caprari
Content Development Specialist: Margaret Nelson
Publishing Services Manager: Patricia Tannian
Senior Project Manager: Claire Kramer
Designer: Steven Stave
Printed in China
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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To our mentors in nephrology—especially Bill Couser, Stewart Cameron,
and Karl M. Koch
To our colleagues and collaborators, as well as others, whose research
continues to light the way
To our wives and families, who have once again endured the preparation
of this fifth edition with unfailing patience and support
To our patients with renal disease, for whom it is a privilege to care
Richard J. Johnson
John Feehally
Jürgen Floege
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C O N T R I B U T O R S
Ahmad Abou-Saleh, MBBS, BSc, MRCP(UK) Vicente Arroyo, MD, PhD
Specialist Registrar in Diabetes and Endocrinology, Guy’s and Full Professor of Medicine, Head, Center Esther Koplowitz, Senior
St. Thomas’ National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, Consultant Hepatologist, Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic Barcelona,
England August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, and
32: Management of the Diabetic Patient with Chronic Kidney Disease CIBERehd (Network of Biomedical Research Center on
Digestive and Liver Diseases), University of Barcelona,
Ala Abudayyeh, MD
Barcelona, Spain
Assistant Professor, Division of Medicine, Section of Nephrology,
76: Hepatorenal Syndrome
University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston,
Texas, USA Stephen R. Ash, MD, FACP
68: Onconephrology: Renal Disease in Cancer Patients Director of Dialysis, Department of Nephrology, Indiana
University Health Arnett; Chairman and Director, Research and
Sharon Adler, MD
Development, HemoCleanse, Inc. and Ash Access Technology,
Professor of Medicine, Chief and Program Director, Division
Inc., Lafayette, Indiana, USA
of Nephrology and Hypertension, Los Angeles Biomedical
92: Diagnostic and Interventional Nephrology
Research Institute at Harbor University of California–Los
Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Torrance, California, Arif Asif, MD, FASN, FNKF
USA Thomas Ordway Professor and Chief, Department of Nephrology
31: Prevention and Treatment of Diabetic Nephropathy and Hypertension, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York,
USA
Horacio J. Adrogué, MD
92: Diagnostic and Interventional Nephrology
Professor of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine; Chief,
Nephrology and Hypertension, Houston Methodist Hospital, Pierre Aucouturier, PhD
Houston, Texas, USA Professor of Immunology at Pierre et Marie Curie University,
14: Respiratory Acidosis, Respiratory Alkalosis, and Mixed Disorders Department of Biologic Immunology, Pôle de Biologie Médicale
et Pathologie Hôpitaux Universitaires de l’Est Parisien, Paris,
Anupam Agarwal, MD
France
Marie S. Ingalls Endowed Chair in Nephrology Leadership,
27: Renal Amyloidosis and Glomerular Diseases with Monoclonal
Director, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Immunoglobulin Deposition
University of Alabama–Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama,
Matthew A. Bailey, PhD, BSc (Hons)
USA
71: Diagnosis and Clinical Evaluation of Acute Kidney Injury Senior Lecturer in Cardiovascular Biology, The British Heart
Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of
Venkatesh Aiyagari, MBBS, DM
Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
Professor, Departments of Neurological Surgery and Neurology 2: Renal Physiology
and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern School
Stephen C. Bain, MD, MA, FRCP
of Medicine, Dallas, Texas, USA
42: Neurogenic Hypertension, Including Hypertension Associated with Professor of Medicine (Diabetes), Department of Diabetes,
Stroke or Spinal Cord Injury Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University; Consultant
Physician, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology,
Charles E. Alpers, MD
Singleton Hospital, Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Health
Professor and Vice Chair, Department of Pathology, University of
Board, Swansea, Wales
Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
32: Management of the Diabetic Patient with Chronic Kidney Disease
21: Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis and Cryoglobulinemic
Glomerulonephritis George L. Bakris, MD
Gerald B. Appel, MD Professor and Director, American Society of Hypertension
Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia Comprehensive Hypertension Center, Department of Medicine,
University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
18: Primary and Secondary (Non-Genetic) Causes of Focal and 34: Primary Hypertension
Segmental Glomerulosclerosis 37: Evaluation and Treatment of Hypertensive Urgencies and
26. Lupus Nephritis Emergencies
Fatiu A. Arogundade, MBBS, FMCP, FWACP Adam D. Barlow, MD, MB, ChB, FRCS
Associate Professor and Consultant Nephrologist, Department of Clinical Lecturer in Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge,
Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University and Teaching Hospitals England
103: Kidney Transplantation Surgery
Complex, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
51: Sickle Cell Disease
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Contributors      vii
Rashad S. Barsoum, MD, FRCP, FRCPE Steven J. Chadban, PhD, Bmed(Hons), FRACP
Professor, Internal Medicine, Kasr-El-Aini Medical School, Cairo, Clinical Professor, Nephrologist, and Transplant Physician, Royal
Egypt Prince Alfred Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney,
56: The Kidney in Schistosomiasis Australia
57: Glomerular Diseases Associated with Infection 108: Recurrent Disease in Kidney Transplantation
Chris Baylis, PhD Jeremy R. Chapman, MD, FRACP, FRCP
Professor of Physiology and Medicine, Department of Physiology Director of Renal Medicine, Centre for Transplant and Renal
and Functional Genomics, University of Florida School of Research, Sydney University Westmead Hospital, Westmead,
Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA Australia
43: Renal Physiology in Normal Pregnancy 109: Outcomes of Renal Transplantation
Tomas Berl, MD Karen E. Charlton, PhD, PG Dip. Diet, MSc, Mphil (Epi), APD,
Professor of Medicine, Renal, Division of Renal Diseases and RPHNutr
Hypertension, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Associate Professor, School of Medicine; Faculty of Science,
Aurora, Colorado, USA Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong,
8: Disorders of Water Metabolism
Australia
35: Nonpharmacologic Prevention and Treatment of Hypertension
Suresh Bhat, MCh, DNB, PGDMLE
Professor and Head, Department of Urology, Government Medical Yipu Chen, MD
College, Kottayam, Kerala, India Professor of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Beijing Anzhen
54: Tuberculosis of the Urinary Tract
Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic
Gemma Bircher, MSc, BSc (hons), RD of China
6: Renal Biopsy
Dietetic Manager, Renal Dietitians, Leicester General Hospital,
Leicester, England John O. Connolly, PhD, FRCP
87: Gastroenterology and Nutrition in Chronic Kidney Disease
Consultant Nephrologist, University College London Centre for
Mabel A. Bodell, MD Nephrology, Royal Free London National Health Service
Assistant Professor, Division of Nephrology, Department of Foundation Trust, London, England
52: Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and Urinary Tract
Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
101: Immunosuppressive Medications in Kidney Transplantation H. Terence Cook, MB, BS, FRCPath
Josée Bouchard, MD, FRCPC Professor of Renal Pathology, Centre for Complement and
Assistant Professor of Medicine, Department of Nephrology, Inflammation Research, Imperial College, London, England
22: Glomerulonephritis Associated with Complement Disorders
Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Université de Montréal,
Montreal, Quebec, Canada James E. Cooper, MD
73: Prevention and Nondialytic Management of Acute Kidney Injury
Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, Renal Division,
Mark A. Brown, MD, MB, BS University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
104: Prophylaxis and Treatment of Kidney Transplant Rejection
Professor of Renal Medicine, St. George Hospital and University of
New South Wales, Sydney, Australia Vivette D. D’Agati, MD
44: Renal Complications in Normal Pregnancy
Professor of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Columbia
45: Pregnancy with Preexisting Kidney Disease
University College of Physicians and Surgeons; Director, Renal
Emmanuel A. Burdmann, MD, PhD Pathology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Columbia
Associate Professor, Division of Nephrology, University of São University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
18: Primary and Secondary (Non-Genetic) Causes of Focal and
Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
57: Glomerular Diseases Associated with Infection Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
70: Acute Kidney Injury in the Tropics
Kevin Damman, MD, PhD
David A. Bushinsky, MD Physician, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center
John J. Kuiper Distinguished Professor of Medicine and of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
75: Management of Refractory Heart Failure
Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester School of
Medicine; Chief, Nephrology Division, University of Rochester Gabriel M. Danovitch, MD
Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
Distinguished Professor of Medicine, David Geffen School of
59: Nephrolithiasis and Nephrocalcinosis
Medicine at University of California–Los Angeles; Medical
Daniel C. Cattran, MD, FRCPC Director, Kidney and Pancreas Transplant Program, Ronald
Professor of Medicine, University of Toronto; Senior Scientist, Reagan Medical Center at University of California–Los Angeles,
Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Los Angeles, California, USA
105. Medical Management of the Kidney Transplant Recipient:
Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
20: Membranous Nephropathy Infections, Malignant Neoplasms, and Gastrointestinal Disorders
106: Medical Management of the Kidney Transplant Recipient:
Matthew J. Cervelli, BPharm Cardiovascular Disease and Other Issues
Clinical Pharmacist Specialist, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide,
Australia
77: Principles of Drug Therapy, Dosing, and Prescribing in Chronic
Kidney Disease and Renal Replacement Therapy
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viii      Contributors
Simon J. Davies, MD, BSc, FRCP Ronald J. Falk, MD
Professor of Nephrology and Dialysis Medicine, Institute for Allan Brewster Distinguished Professor, Director, University of
Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University; North Carolina Kidney Center; Chief, Division of Nephrology
Consultant Nephrologist, Department of Nephrology, University and Hypertension, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill,
Hospital of North Staffordshire, Staffordshire, England North Carolina, USA
97: Complications of Peritoneal Dialysis 25: Renal and Systemic Vasculitis
John M. Davison, MD, MSc, FRCPE, FRCOG Li Fan, PhD
Emeritus Professor of Obstetric Medicine and Consultant Department of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston,
Obstetrician, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Medical School and Massachusetts, USA
Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon 3: Assessment of Renal Function
Tyne, England
John Feehally, DM, FRCP
43: Renal Physiology in Normal Pregnancy
Professor of Renal Medicine, The John Walls Renal Unit, Leicester
Gerald F. DiBona, MD General Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
Professor Emeritus, Departments of Internal Medicine and 15: Introduction to Glomerular Disease: Clinical Presentations
16: Introduction to Glomerular Disease: Histologic Classification and
Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa Carver
Pathogenesis
College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA; Guest Professor in 23: IgA Nephropathy and Henoch-Schönlein Nephritis
Renal Physiology, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
33: Normal Blood Pressure Control and the Evaluation of Hypertension Javier Fernández, MD, PhD
Consultant Hepatologist, Head, Liver Intensive Care Unit, Liver
Tilman B. Drüeke, MD
Unit, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical
Inserm Director Emeritus, Inserm Unit 1088, UFR Médecine/
Research Institute, and CIBERehd (Network of Biomedical
Pharmacie, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
Research Center on Digestive and Liver Diseases), University of
10: Disorders of Calcium, Phosphate, and Magnesium Metabolism
Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Jamie P. Dwyer, MD 76: Hepatorenal Syndrome
Associate Professor of Medicine, Co-Director, Nephrology Clinical
Evelyne A. Fischer, MD, PhD
Trials Center, Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Nephrology
Senior Researcher, EGDM Team, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 62: Acute Interstitial Nephritis
Nashville, Tennessee, USA
66: Thromboembolic Renovascular Disease Jonathan S. Fisher, MD, FACS
Transplant Surgeon, Scripps Center for Organ Transplantation,
James E. Dyer, MBChB, BSc Hons
Scripps Clinic and Green Hospital, La Jolla, California, USA
Clinical Research Fellow, Department of Urology, Leicester 110: Pancreas and Islet Transplantation
General Hospital, Leicester, England
61: Urologic Issues for the Nephrologist Jürgen Floege, MD, FERA
Professor of Medicine, Director, Division of Nephrology and
Kai-Uwe Eckardt, MD
Clinical Immunology, RWTH University of Aachen, Aachen,
Professor of Medicine, Department of Nephrology and
Germany
Hypertension, University of Erlangen–Nürnberg, Erlangen, 15: Introduction to Glomerular Disease: Clinical Presentations
Germany 16: Introduction to Glomerular Disease: Histologic Classification and
83: Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease Pathogenesis
23: IgA Nephropathy and Henoch-Schönlein Nephritis
Frank Eitner, MD 85: Bone and Mineral Metabolism in Chronic Kidney Disease
Head, Kidney Diseases Research, Global Drug Discovery, Bayer
Giovanni B. Fogazzi, MD
Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany
89: Acquired Cystic Kidney Disease and Malignant Neoplasms Director, Clinical and Research Laboratory on Urinary Sediment,
Unità Operativa di Nefrologia e Dialisi, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’
Meguid El Nahas, MD, PhD
Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
Professor of Nephrology, Sheffield Kidney Institute; Chairman, 4: Urinalysis
Global Kidney Academy, Sheffield, England
79: Epidemiology, Natural History, and Pathophysiology of Chronic John W. Foreman, MD
Kidney Disease Professor and Chief, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department
of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North
Marlies Elger, PhD
Carolina, USA
Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, 50: Fanconi Syndrome and Other Proximal Tubule Disorders
University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
1: Renal Anatomy Giuseppe Garigali, ScD
Clinical and Research Laboratory on Urinary Sediment, Unità
Elwaleed A. Elhassan, MD, FACP, FASN
Operativa di Nefrologia e Dialisi, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda
Assistant Professor, Division of Nephrology, Wayne State
Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
University, Detroit, Michigan, USA 4: Urinalysis
7: Disorders of Extracellular Volume
Pieter Evenepoel, MD, PhD
Professor, Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, University
Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
88: Dermatologic Manifestations of Chronic Kidney Disease
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Contributors      ix
F. John Gennari, MD Lee A. Hebert, MD
Professor Emeritus, Department of Medicine, University of Professor of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division
Vermont College of Medicine; Attending Physician, Department of Nephrology, The Ohio State University Medical Center,
of Medicine, Fletcher Allen Health Care, Burlington, Vermont, Columbus, Ohio, USA
USA 80: Retarding Progression of Kidney Disease
13: Metabolic Alkalosis
Peter Heduschka, MD
Evangelos G. Gkougkousis, MD Nephrologist, PHV-Dialysezentrum Dresden Friedrichstadt,
Department of Urology, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, Dresden, Germany
England 49: Inherited Disorders of Sodium and Water Handling
61: Urologic Issues for the Nephrologist
Charles A. Herzog, MD
Richard J. Glassock, MD Professor of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Department of
Emeritus Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, David Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center and University of
Geffen School of Medicine at University of California–Los Minnesota; Chronic Disease Research Group, Minneapolis
Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
28: Other Glomerular Disorders and the Antiphospholipid Syndrome 82: Cardiovascular Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease
David J. A. Goldsmith, MA, MB Bchir, FRCP (Lond), FRCP (Ed), Thomas Hooton, MD
FASN, FERA Professor of Clinical Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases,
Consultant Nephrologist, Professor of Cardio-Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of
Member of the Faculty of Translational Medicine, King’s Health Medicine; Chief of Medicine, Miami Veterans Administration
Partners Academic Health Sciences Centre, London, England Healthcare System, Miami, Florida, USA
32: Management of the Diabetic Patient with Chronic Kidney Disease 53: Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections
Philip B. Gorelick, MD, MPH †Walter H. Hörl, MD, PhD, FRCP
Professor, Department of Translational Science and Molecular Professor of Medicine, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Medicine, Michigan State University College of Human 84: Other Blood and Immune Disorders in Chronic Kidney Disease
Medicine; Medical Director, Mercy Health Hauenstein
Peter F. Hoyer, MD
Neurosciences, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
Director, University Children’s Hospital Essen; Director and Chair,
42: Neurogenic Hypertension, Including Hypertension Associated with
Stroke or Spinal Cord Injury Pediatrics II, Pediatric Nephrology, Endocrinology,
Gastroenterology, and Transplant Medicine, University
Barbara A. Greco, MD
Duisburg–Essen, Essen, Germany
Associate Clinical Professor of Medicine, Department of 17: Minimal Change Nephrotic Syndrome
Nephrology, Baystate Medical Center, Tufts; Western New
Jeremy Hughes, MA, MB, BS, PhD, FRCPE
England Renal and Transplant Associates, Springfield,
Professor of Experimental Nephrology, Medical Research Council
Massachusetts, USA
39: Renovascular Hypertension and Ischemic Nephropathy Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh;
66: Thromboembolic Renovascular Disease Honorary Consultant Physician, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary,
Edinburgh, Scotland
Peter Gross, MD
60: Urinary Tract Obstruction
Professor of Medicine Emeritus, Department of Medicine III,
Enyu Imai, MD, PhD
Universitätskilinikum C.G. Carus, Dresden, Germany
49: Inherited Disorders of Sodium and Water Handling Lecturer, Department of Nephrology, Nagoya University Graduate
School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan; Director, Department
Lisa M. Guay-Woodford, MD
of Internal Medicine, Nakayamedera Imai Clinic, Takarazuka,
Professor and Director, Center for Translational Science, Children’s
Hyogo, Japan
National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia, USA 90: Approach to Renal Replacement Therapy
47: Other Cystic Kidney Diseases
Lesley A. Inker, MD, MS
Nabil J. Haddad, MD
Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine;
Associate Professor of Clinical Medicine, Division of Nephrology,
William B. Schwartz Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical
Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University
Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA 3: Assessment of Renal Function
80: Retarding Progression of Kidney Disease
Ashley B. Irish, MBBS, FRACP
Gentzon Hall, MD, PhD
Consultant Nephrologist, Department of Nephrology and Renal
Nephrology Fellow, Duke University Medical Center, Durham,
Transplantation, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia
North Carolina, USA 65: Myeloma and the Kidney
19: Inherited Causes of Nephrotic Syndrome
Sunjay Jain, MD
Peter C. Harris, PhD
Department of Urology, St. James University Hospital, Leeds,
Professor of Biochemistry/Molecular Biology and Medicine,
England
Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 61: Urologic Issues for the Nephrologist
Rochester, Minnesota, USA
46: Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease
†Deceased.
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