Table Of ContentAndreas Vogel, Oktay ErgGnay,
Klaus Brandes and MGfiz Alpmen (Eds.)
Comprehensive Approach to
Earthquake Disaster Mitigation
Progress
I• n
Earthquake Research
and Engineering
Edited by Andreas Vogel
Volume 1
Andreas Vogel (Ed.)
Terrestrial and Space Techniques
in Earthquake Prediction Research
Volume 2
A. Mete 1~lkara and Andreas Vogel (Eds.)
Multidisciplinary Approach
to Earthquake Prediction
Volume 3
Andreas Vogel and Klaus Brandes (Eds.)
Earthquake Prognostics
Volume 4
Andreas Vogel, Oktay Ergunay, Klaus Brandes
and Mufiz Alpmen (Eds.)
Comprehensive Approach to Earthquake
Disaster Mitigation
Andreas Vogel, Oktay Ergunay, Klaus Brandes
and Mufiz Alpmen (Eds.)
Comprehensive Approach
to Earthquake
Disaster Mitigation
I I
Vleweg
All rights reserved
© Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Braunschweig/Wiesbaden, 1993
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1993
Vieweg is a subsidiary company of the Bertelsmann Publishing Group International.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system
or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise, without prior permission of the copyright holder.
Printed on acid-free paper
ISBN-13: 978-3-528-06557-7 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-322-85461-2
DOl: 10.1007/978-3-322-85461-2
Contents
Editorial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. VII
Earthquake Source Processes
Gu Guohua
Kinematic Adjustment of Geodetic Deformation Networks with Piece-wise Linear
Deformation History Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
R. Aksoy
The Helendale Fault Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
A. Vogel
Beyond Plate Tectonics - From a Phenomenological to a Causative View on Global
Tectonics and Earthquake Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 31
R. Aksoy
Discontinuity of the Helendale Fault Zone: Geophysical Evidence 47
F.A. Yiiksel. M. Alpmen
Time and Space Distributions of the Intermediate Focal Depth Earthquakes in the
South-West of Turkey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 63
Earthquake Hazard Assessment
S. Kociaj
Some Aspects of Seismic Hazard Assessment in National and Local Levels in Albania 85
V. Kouskouna. K.C. Makropoulos. N.S. Voulgaris. J. Drakopoulos
Qualitative Study of Site Effects on Seismograms. A Case Study in the Area of
Eastern-Central Greece ................................................ 119
G.A. Athanasopoulos. D.A. Chrysikos. P.Z. Bousias
Cross-hole Measurements for Microzoning Kalamata, Greece 131
K. Anguelov. B. Konstantinov
Determining the Properties of Soils with Different Types of Structural Bonds
Affected by Earthquake Waves ........................................... 143
Risk Analysis and Evaluation
S. Sipahioglu
Perspective on Earthquakes in Turkey 169
N. Bayiilke. E. [nan. A. Dogan. A. BUrata
Impulse Table Tests of Single Story Buildings 183
P. Giilkan
An Engineering Field Reconnaissance Report on the Erzincan Earthquake
of 13 March 1992 .................................................... 213
v
Measures of Protection
O. Ergunay, P. GUlkan
Land-use Planning as Instrument of Earthquake Hazard Mitigation 235
M. Erdik, C. Yilmaz, N. Akkas
Seismic Rehabilitation of a Capacitor Bank Structure through Base Isolation 279
K. Brandes
Safe Design of Bolted Connections in Structural Steelwork 295
O. Ergunay
Comprehensive Disaster Planning and Management 305
VI
EDITORIAL
Earthquake Prognostics Approach to Disaster Mitigation
INTRODUCTION
There is today no scientific basis for the prediction of de
structive earthquakes which could result in issuing early
warnings to save lives and property. Currently major efforts
towards disaster mitigation are directed to post-disaster man
agement through search, rescue and relief operations.
A much greater step towards earthquake disaster mitigation
should be taken if available scientific knowledge and technol
ogical know-how shall be effectively addressed to preventive
and protective measures against destruction by future earth
quakes. This approach requires a future-oriented way of think
ing and acting.
prognostics means prevision in the sense of pre-recognition
and preparedness. Earthquake Prognostics is such a prevision
on future earthquakes, both with respect to the natural hazard
and the associated risk through the impact on human environ
ment. Originally initiated by a Berlin-based group of scien
tists and experts from the Free University, the Technical Uni
versity, the German Federal Institute for Materials Research
and Testing, as well as free enterprise, the concept of Earth
quake Prognotics has been further developed at international
seminars in various parts of the world into a comprehensive
strategy against the impact of future earthquakes. The contri
butions to the present volume highlight frontiers of research
and applications within a conceptional framework that has been
originally outlined at the 3rd international seminar on Earth
quake Prognostics held in Ankara in 1988.
VII
According to the concept of Earthquake Prognostics as illus
trated in the simplified block diagram of Fig. 1, the contri
butions to this volume are organized into 4 chapters:
1. Investigation of earthquake source processes
2. Hazard assessment
3. Risk assessment and evaluation
4. Preventive measures of protection and disaster response
planning
Chapter 1 contains examples from the three main approaches to
the understanding of the earthquake source processes which are
the recognition of the seismotectonic pattern in space and
time, investigation of the special distribution and temporal
changes of physical fields and rock properties, and studies on
crustal deformation and displacement.
Chapter 2 on hazard assessment is concerned with source, path
and site effects on strong ground motion from the practical
side of strong ground motion records to predictive modelling
of earthquake ground motion in specific sites.
Chapter 3 on risk analysis and evaluation covers the wide as
pect of structural response to earthquakes, including the in
fluence of local soil conditions, experimental impulse table
tests and a damage survey specifically after the Erzincan
earthquake, which shows that a great deal of damages and casu
alties could have been avoided if available knowledge and
technical know-how would have been transferred into the prac
tice of earthquake protection, preparedness and loss reduc
tion.
The last chapter on measures of protection and disaster prepa
redness comprises papers on proper land-use planning, earth
quake resistant design of structural elements, base isolation,
and finally comprehensive disaster preparedness planning and
management.
VIII
Earthquale Disaster IIltigation and Loss Reduction
s
- c
i
Proper land-us. city planninq in earthquue-prone areas and Earthquake resistent design and construction both by rigid structures defomtion allowances and Strengthening upgradlnq of existinq bulldlnqs and passive structural control systus by isoiatioo lasS dampers and bus. passl~e Control of structures by la" dalpers aseiSlic and acti~e acti .. hybrid systus and pa"i~. Protection of equip .. nt and technical facUities in houses, offices and plants Seismic safety of trans!"rtation co_ieation systens and Protection of lifelines [or water; electricity and gas supply PlaMinq of disaster _g", .. t by search, rescue .edical aid and operations and epidwQ1O<jical sllr'leillance PlaMinq of relief operations such" provisioo of food, clothes and mpo Prepardness [or !"st-earthquake fire hazards TsunaJlis varninq systens Earthquake insurance Training o[ disaster mitigation experts and "nagers Public Instructions for e"'gency cases mitigation o[ econo,ic, and social i"ycbolO<jlcal consequences and _------_ -.. g, Social and Medical Sciences ncept of Earthquake Prognost
n o
ri c
e
e
n e
Preventi~e Keasures of Protection and Disaster Prepardness Engi of th
-- m
I a
r
Risk Analysis and Evaluation Diag
k
I ~-I oc
l
B
Hazard Assess~ Dent ied
f
i
- l
I p
m
Hodel SiRulation o[ Earthquake Source Processes ences Si
\ - I Sci 1.
1\ I h e
Seisllo-tectonic Pattern Spatial Distribution and tea!"ral changes of Physical fields and rock proper-ties crustal De[oruatioo and Displace-.ents Eart Figur
-- \
I
ln~esti-gation of tartbquu. Source Processes
x
The present Volume is a useful source of informatio:':"), for all
who are conce~:'ned with earthquake research and disaster miti
gation, for scientists and experts in earth science research
applications, in geotechnical engineering, civil engineering,
social sciences, disaster response planning and earthquake
insurance.
We are very grateful to Mrs. Karin Wuttig for retyping very
carefully many of the contributed papers and to Mrs. Yvonne
Schroder for redrawing many of the figures.
Berlin in December 1992
Andreas Vogel Klaus Brandes
x
