Table Of ContentCompounding in Modern Greek
Studies in Morphology
VOLUME 2
Managing Editors:
Adam Albright; MIT, USA
Geert Booij; University of Leiden, The Netherlands
Ingo Plag; University of Siegen, Germany
For furthervolumes:
http://www.springer.com/series/8804
Angela Ralli
Compounding
in Modern Greek
AngelaRalli
DepartmentofPhilology
UniversityofPatras
Rio-Patras,Greece
ISBN978-94-007-4959-7 ISBN978-94-007-4960-3(eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-94-007-4960-3
SpringerDordrechtHeidelbergNewYorkLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012942181
#SpringerScience+BusinessMediaDordrecht2013
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor
informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar
methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerpts
inconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysisormaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeing
enteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework.Duplication
ofthispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheCopyrightLawofthe
Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from
Springer.PermissionsforusemaybeobtainedthroughRightsLinkattheCopyrightClearanceCenter.
ViolationsareliabletoprosecutionundertherespectiveCopyrightLaw.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt
fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of
publication,neithertheauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityfor
anyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,with
respecttothematerialcontainedherein.
Printedonacid-freepaper
SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com)
Acknowledgments
This book is the synthesis of ideas, arguments and analyses regarding Greek
compounds, which I developed in the last twenty years. I have made use of some
ofmypublishedarticlesoncompounding,aswellasofmybookIsinthesilekseon:
diaglossiki morfologiki prosengisi [Compounding: A cross-linguistic morpho-
logical approach], Athens, Patakis (2007). Some sections of Chap. 4 are based on
thepaper‘Compoundmarkersandparametricvariation’,LanguageTypologyand
Universals (STUF) 61, 19–38 (2008). A small part of Chap. 7 is taken from the
papers ‘The bare-stem constraint in Greek compound formation’ Gengo Kenkyu
135, 29–48 (2009) and ‘The Role of constraints in compound formation’, Lingue
eLinguaggio2009(1):53–74(2009).SectionsofChap.8arecomposedaccording
to the ideas developed in the paper ‘Modern Greek V V dvandva compounds:
A linguistic innovation in the history of the Indo-European languages’, Word
Structure2(1),49–68(2009).SectionsofChap.10havebeentranslatedfromthe
work « Compose´s de´verbaux grecs a` ‘radicaux lie´s’», published in the collective
volumeLaCompositiondansunePerspectiveTypologique,editedbyDanyAmiot
(Arras: Artois Presses Universite´, p. 189–210 (2008)). Finally, for the content of
Chap.11,Ihavemadeuseofthearticle‘CompoundingversusDerivation’,which
has appeared in the collective volume Cross-disciplinary issues in compounding,
edited by Sergio Scalise and Irene Vogel (Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John
Benjamins,p.57–76(2010)).Thepermissionofeachoftheeditorsandpublishers
isgratefullyacknowledged.
I feel the need to thank Geert Booij for his moral support and encouragement
throughoutthelongperiodIdedicatedtothisbook.Iamalsoindebtedtomyfour
Ph.D. students, Marios Andreou, Metin Bag˘rıac¸ık, Nikos Koutsoukos and Maria
Koliopoulou, for the stimulating discussions we have held on several aspects of
compounding.Theluckofhavingoutstandingstudentswasanimpetusformyown
work.Averyspecialnoteofappreciationgoestotwoanonymousreviewerswhose
particularly insightful remarks made the content of the book improve greatly.
I would also like to acknowledge the Seeger Center for Hellenic Studies at
Princeton University for awarding me a generous research fellowship in 2012,
during the period I was revising certain sections of the manuscript. Last but
v
vi Acknowledgments
notleast,Iamgratefultomyhusband,Eustratios(Takis)Hadjipanayotis,whohas
alwaysbeennexttomeingoodandbadtimesandwhohasgivenhiskindsupport
ineverystepofmylife.
Patras,May2012 AngelaRalli
Contents
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2 DefiningaGreekCompound. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. 7
2.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2 GreekasaStem-BasedLanguage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.3 InSearchofaDefinition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.3.1 SingleStress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.3.2 BoundConstituents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.3.3 StructuralPosition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.3.4 LinkingElement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.3.5 SemanticOpacity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.3.6 LexicalIntegrity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.3.7 GraphicUnity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.3.8 CompoundsVersusSyntacticConstructions. . . . . . . . . . 23
2.4 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3 GrammaticalCategoryandConstituents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.2 Nouns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.3 Adjectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.4 Verbs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.5 OtherCategories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.5.1 Adverbs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.5.2 CompoundswithaPronounoraCardinalNumber. . . . . 42
3.6 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
vii
viii Contents
4 CompoundMarking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.2 Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.2.1 Stem-DrivenPresence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.2.2 LexicallyMarkedAbsence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.3 LinkingElementsCross-Linguistically. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.4 PreviousAnalyses. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. 56
4.5 MorphologicalStatus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.6 TheParameterofOvertlyExpressedParadigmaticInflection. . . 62
4.7 Position. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
4.8 TheMorphological-CategoryParameter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.9 Origin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
4.10 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
5 StressandMorphologicalStructure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
5.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
5.2 TheTypeofInflection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
5.3 ThePositionofStress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
5.4 SpecialCategories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
5.4.1 VerbalCompounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
5.4.2 CompoundsEndinginaDerivedItem. . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
5.4.3 Neutersin-i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
5.5 MoreCompoundStructures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
5.6 RecursioninCompounding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
5.7 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
6 HeadednessandClassification.. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. 99
6.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
6.2 Classification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
6.3 Headedness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
6.3.1 TheNotionofHead. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
6.3.2 Position. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. 108
6.3.3 Exocentricity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
6.4 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
7 Constraints,AllomorphyandFormofCompoundConstituents. . . 131
7.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
7.2 TheBare-StemConstraint. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
7.2.1 ApparentCounterExamples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
7.3 Allomorphy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
7.3.1 AllomorphyinCompounding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
7.3.2 AllomorphsofAncientGreekOrigin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Contents ix
7.4 CompoundTypes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
7.4.1 (cid:1)LearnedCompoundConstituents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
7.4.2 +LearnedCompoundConstituents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
7.4.3 MixedTypes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
7.5 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
8 CoordinativeCompounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
8.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
8.2 WhatIsaCoordinativeCompound?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
8.3 Classification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
8.4 Headedness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
8.5 HistoricalDevelopment. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. 170
8.6 CoordinativeCompoundsinModernGreekDialects. . . . . . . . . 175
8.7 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
9 VerbalandDeverbalCompounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
9.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
9.2 Categories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
9.2.1 ExocentricFormations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
9.2.2 EndocentricFormations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
9.3 Compound-InternalTheta-RoleSaturation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
9.4 Configurations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
9.5 Meaning.. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 196
9.6 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
10 DeverbalCompoundswithBoundStems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
10.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
10.2 StateoftheArt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
10.3 CompoundsorDerivedWords?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
10.4 GrammaticalCategoryofBoundStems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
10.5 HeadednessandRestrictions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
10.6 Productivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
10.7 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
11 CompoundingVersusDerivationandInflection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
11.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
11.2 CompoundingVersusDerivation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
11.2.1 OrderofApplication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
11.2.2 Affixoids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
11.3 CompoundingVersusInflection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
11.4 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
