Table Of ContentComposites Science and Technology
Sapuan S. M.
Imran Ahmad Editors
Composites
from the Aquatic
Environment
Composites Science and Technology
Series Editor
Mohammad Jawaid, Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Universiti Putra
Malaysia, INTROP, Serdang, Malaysia
This book series publishes cutting edge research monographs comprehensively
covering topics in the field of composite science and technology. The books in this
series are edited or authored by top researchers and professional across the globe.
The series aims at publishing state-of-the-art research and development in areas
including, but not limited to:
●
Conventional Composites from natural and synthetic fibers
●
Advanced Composites from natural and synthetic fibers
●
Chemistry and biology of Composites and Biocomposites
●
Fatigue damage modelling of Composites and Biocomposites
●
Failure Analysis of Composites and Biocomposites
●
Structural Health Monitoring of Composites and Biocomposites
●
Durability of Composites and Biocomposites
●
Biodegradability of Composites and Biocomposites
●
Thermal properties of Composites and Biocomposites
●
Flammability of Composites and Biocomposites
●
Tribology of Composites and Biocomposites
●
Applications of Composites and Biocomposites
Review Process
The proposal for each volume is reviewed by the main editor and/or the advisory
board. The chapters in each volume are individually reviewed single blind by expert
reviewers (at least two reviews per chapter) and the main editor.
Ethics Statement for this series can be found in the Springer standard guide-
lines here - https://www.springer.com/us/authors-editors/journal-author/journal-aut
hor-helpdesk/before-you-start/before-you-start/1330#c14214
·
Sapuan S. M. Imran Ahmad
Editors
Composites from the Aquatic
Environment
Editors
Sapuan S. M. Imran Ahmad
Advanced Engineering and Material Algae & Biomass Research Lab, Malaysia
Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Japan International Institute of Technology
Department of Mechanical (MJIIT)
and Manufacturing Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Universiti Putra Malaysia Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Selangor, Malaysia
ISSN 2662-1819 ISSN 2662-1827 (electronic)
Composites Science and Technology
ISBN 978-981-19-5326-2 ISBN 978-981-19-5327-9 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5327-9
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023
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Contents
Zooming in to the Composites from the Aquatic Environment ......... 1
S. M. Sapuan, Imran Ahmad, and J. Tarique
A Comprehensive Review Based on Chitin and Chitosan
Composites ....................................................... 15
J. Tarique, S. M. Sapuan, N. F. Aqil, A. Farhan, J. I. Faiz,
and S. Shahrizan
Agar Based Composite as a New Alternative Biopolymer .............. 67
Ridhwan Jumaidin
Aquatic Hydroxyapatite (HAp) Sources as Fillers in Polymer
Composites for Bio-Medical Applications ............................ 83
C. N. Aiza Jaafar and I. Zainol
Biocomposites from Microalgae ..................................... 99
Natasha Nabila Ibrahim, Imran Ahmad, Norhayati Abdullah,
Iwamoto Koji, Shaza Eva Mohamad, and Fazrena Nadia Binti Md. Akhir
Starch/Carrageenan Blend-Based Biocomposites as Packaging
Materials ......................................................... 139
Heru Suryanto, Uun Yanuhar, Aminnudin,
Yanuar Rohmat Aji Pradana, and Redyarsa Dharma Bintara
Chitosan Composites for the Removal of Pollutants in Aqueous
Environment ...................................................... 163
A. H. Nordin, N. Ngadi, R. A. Ilyas, and M. L. Nordin
Development of Nipah Palm Fibre Extraction Process
as Reinforcing Agent in Unsaturated Polyester Composite ............. 181
Syed Tarmizi Syed Shazali, Tracy Dickie,
and Noor Hisyam Noor Mohamed
v
vi Contents
Life Cycle Assessment for Microalgal Biocomposites .................. 203
Mohd Danish Ahmad, Imran Ahmad, Norhayati Abdullah,
Iwamoto Koji, Shaza Eva Mohamad, Ali Yuzir, Shristy Gautam,
and Mostafa El-Sheekh
Recent Developments in Water Hyacinth Fiber Composites
and Their Applications ............................................. 229
Melbi Mahardika, Hairul Abral, and Devita Amelia
Collagen Based Composites Derived from Marine Organisms:
As a Solution for the Underutilization of Fish Biomass, Jellyfish
and Sponges ...................................................... 245
M. M. Harussani, S. M. Sapuan, M. Iyad, H. K. Andy Wong,
Z. I. Farouk, and A. Nazrin
Recent Advances in Composites from Seaweeds ...................... 275
Shristy Gautam and Aishwarya Mogal
Sea Shell Extracted Chitosan Composites and Their Applications ...... 293
Pragati Upadhayay, Preeti Pal, Dong Zhang, and Anjali Pal
A Review of Seaweed Based Composites ............................. 315
M. H. M. Rizalludin, S. M. Sapuan, M. N. M. Rodzi, M. S. Ibrahim,
and S. F. K. Sherwani
Smart and Sustainable Product Development
from Environmentally Polluted Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia
Crassipes) Plant ................................................... 339
A. Ajithram, J. T. Winowlin Jappes, and S. Vignesh
About the Editors
Sapuan S. M. is a professor of composite materials at Universiti Putra Malaysia. He
earned his B.Eng degree in Mechanical Engineering from University of Newcastle,
Australia in 1990, MSc from Loughborough University, UK in 1994 and Ph.D.
from De Montfort University, UK in 1998. His research interests include natural
fiber composites, biocomposites, materials selection and concurrent engineering.
To date he has authored or co-authored more than 1521 publications (800 journal
papers, 16 authored books, 25 edited books,153 chapters in books and 597 confer-
ence proceedings/seminar papers/presentation (32 of which are plenary and keynote
lectures and 66 of which are invited lectures). S.M. Sapuan was the recipient of
Rotary Research Gold Medal Award 2012, Khwarizmi International Award (KIA).
In 2013 he was awarded with 5 Star Role Model Supervisor award by UPM. S.M.
Sapuan was recognized as the first Malaysian to be conferred Fellowship by the US-
based Society of Automotive Engineers International (FSAE) in 2015. He was the
2015/2016 recipient of SEARCA Regional Professorial Chair. He also received Cita-
tion of Excellence Award from Emerald, UK, SAE Malaysia the Best Journal Paper
Award, IEEE/TMU Endeavour Research Promotion Award, Best Paper Award by
Chinese Defence Ordnance, Malaysia’s Research Star Award (MRSA),Top Research
Scientists Malaysia Award and Professor of Eminence Award from AMU, India and
recently listed in top 2% world scientist by Stanford University, USA. Recently he
was elected Fellow of Academy of Science Malaysia.
Imran Ahmad has completed his Ph.D. at the Malaysia-Japan International Institute
of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, His work was based on the treatment
of restaurant wastewater containing FOG using microalgae. Ahmad specializes in
the anaerobic treatment of industrial wastewaters, especially landfill leachate. He
has published his work in peer-reviewed journals, 6 book chapters, and participated
and presented at about 26 international conferences. Ahmad recently published a
book with IGI Publications titled “Handbook of Research on Algae as a Sustainable
Solution for Food, Energy, and the Environment”. Ahmad received best presentation
award in 6 International conferences. He received Algae Industry Incubation Consor-
tium (AIIC), Japan grants award and My Membrane award, Malaysia in 2021. He
vii
viii AbouttheEditors
was also the recipient of Young Scholars grant awarded by School of Post Graduate
Studies, UTM. Ahmad have teaching experience of 8 years in AICTE approved Engi-
neering Colleges in India. He is having student membership for International Society
for applied Phycology (ISAP), International Water Association (IWA), Northeast
Algal Society (NEAS), Ecological Society of America (ESA), British Phycological
Society, and Northeast Algal Society (NEAS). Ahmad was appointed as the secretary
for the International Conference on Environmental Science and Green Technology
(ICEGT 2022).
Zooming in to the Composites
from the Aquatic Environment
S. M. Sapuan, Imran Ahmad, and J. Tarique
1 Introduction
Composite materials have been used as materials in many industries due to several
important reasons such as light weight, high stiffness, and strength properties, aesthet-
ically pleasing, corrosion resistance and part consolidation. The reinforcement phase
of the composites is mainly made from synthetic fibres such as glass, carbon, and
aramid fibres, although in the recent years, a lot of effort have been intensified to use
natural fibres in polymer matrix composites.
There has been an increase in interest in the research and implementation of
composites during the last few decades, most likely due to their well-known advan-
tages over traditional materials [1]. In general, combining two or more types of mate-
rials results in a composite material with superior properties to its neat precursors.
These characteristics can be classified into two main categories: (i) the adaptability
of the material in terms of its composition (e.g. polymers, metals, and ceramics); and
(ii) the capability of designing a material with a variety of shapes and dimensions [2,
3]. Currently, a large number of studies emphasise the use of the biopolymers chitin
and chitosan to create composites with a variety of sizes, shapes, and morphologies,
as well as composites for a variety of applications [4–6]. The overwhelming number
B
S. M. Sapuan · J. Tarique ( )
Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of
Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang,
Selangor, Malaysia
e-mail: [email protected]
S. M. Sapuan
Laboratory of Biocomposite Techology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products
(INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
I. Ahmad
Algae and Biomass Research Laboratory, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology,
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023 1
Sapuan S. M. and I. Ahmad (eds.), Composites from the Aquatic Environment,
Composites Science and Technology, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5327-9_9
