Table Of ContentKrishan K. Chawla
Composite Materials
Science and Engineering
Fourth Edition
Composite Materials
Krishan K. Chawla
Composite Materials
Science and Engineering
Fourth Edition
123
Krishan K.Chawla
Department ofMaterials Science
andEngineering
TheUniversity of Alabamaat Birmingham
Birmingham, AL,USA
ISBN978-3-030-28982-9 ISBN978-3-030-28983-6 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28983-6
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4thedition:©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2019
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Cover illustration: Leap aircraft enginethat uses shroudsmade of ceramicmatrixcomposites (silicon
carbidefiber/siliconcarbidematrix).[Courtesy:GeneralElectricCo.]Arrowindicatesthehighpressure
turbineregionwhereCMCshroudsareused.
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Ā no bhadrāḥ kratavo yantu viṡvataḥ
Let noblethoughts cometo usfrom every side
Rigveda 1-89-i
Dedicated affectionately to
A2, D, K3, and N3
Preface to the Fourth Edition
It is with great pleasure that I offer this fourth edition of Composite Materials:
Science and Engineering to the readers. The book has been thoroughly updated,
new material been been added in all chapters, plus a new chapter, Repair and
Recycling of Composites, has been added.
The thirdeditionofthis booksaw thelightofthedayin2012.Boeing 787and
Airbus 350 XWB entered into service in 2012 and 2015, respectively. Those two
marked a major shift in the large-scale use of composites. Since then, GE and
Safranhavemadetremendousinroadsintotheuseofceramicmatrixcompositesin
aircraft engines. The cover picture of this edition shows the LEAP engine, which
usesshroudsmadeofsiliconcarbidefiber/siliconcarbidematrixcomposites.Those
developmentsaredeservedlyhighlightedinthisfourthedition.Thesedevelopments
havealsobroughthomeourattentiontorepairandrecyclingofcomposites,because
nothing lasts forever. Inevitably there will be damage to components made of
composites,whichwillrequirerepair.Additionally,thereisthequestionoftheend
oflifeofanycomponent,whichmakesonethinkofrecyclingofcomposites.Ihave
added a new chapter covering these two areas.
Iwouldliketomakeaninterestingobservationaboutthecoverofthisbook.The
firsteditionofthebookhadnocoverpicture.Thesecondedtionhadthepictureofa
silicon carbide reinforced titanium alloy composite. The third edition had the pic-
tureofaircraftengine,GE90,whichhighlightedthefanbladesmadeofcarbonfiber
reinforced epoxy. The present, fourth edition,showsLeap aircraft engine that uses
componentsmadeofceramicmatrixcomposites.Ithasbeenaremarkablejourney.
Iamgratefultovariousinstitutionsthatfundedmyresearchworkovertheyears;
this book would not have come about without that research work. Of course, this
kindofbookisneverproducedasstrictlythejobofasingleperson.Therearemany
people who made this journey bearable, even enjoyable. Among the people with
whom I have had the privilege of collaborating over the years and who have
enriched my life, professional and otherwise, I should mention, in alphabetical
order,C.H.Barham,A.R.Boccaccini,K.Carlisle,K.Chawla,N.Chawla,X.Deng,
Z. Fang, the late M.E. Fine, S.G. Fishman, G. Gladysz, A. Goel, the late
B. Ilschner, M. Koopman, R.R. Kulkarni, A. Mortensen, B. Patel, B.R. Patterson,
ix
x PrefacetotheFourthEdition
P.D.Portella,thelateJ.M.Rigsbee,P.Rohatgi,H.Schneider,Y.-LShen,Z.R.Xu,
R.Vaidya,U.Vaidya,andA.K.Vasudevan.IamgratefultoProf.O.Weicholdfor
help with Appendix B (Fiber Packing). Thanks are due to Kanika Chawla and
Micah Armstrong for help with the figures in this edition. I owe a special debt of
gratitudetomywife,Nivi,withwhomIcelebrated50yearsofmarriedlifein2019.
Last but not least, I will always be in debt to my parents, the late Manohar L. and
Sumitra Chawla for all they did for me.
Birmingham, AL, USA Krishan K. Chawla
May 2019
Preface to the Third Edition
Since the publication of the second edition of this book, there has been a spate of
activity in the field of composites, in the academia as well as in the industry. The
industrialactivity,inparticular,hasbeenledbythelargescaleuseofcompositesby
aerospacecompanies,mainlyBoeingandAirbus.Itwouldnotbefaroffthemarkto
say that the extensive use of carbon fiber/epoxy resin composites in Boeing 787
aircraft anda fairly large use ofcomposites inAirbus’sA380 aircraft represents a
paradigm shift. Boeing 787 has composites in the fuselage, windows, wings, tails,
stabilizers, etc. resulting in 50 percent in composites by weight. Nevertheless, it
shouldbepointedoutthatinreality,theextensiveuseofcompositesinaircraftisa
culminationofseriesofearlierstepsoverthedecadessincemid-1960s.Besides,the
large scale applications in the aerospace industry, there have been impressive
developments in other other fields such as automotive, sporting goods, supercon-
ductivity, etc.
All of this activity has led to a substantial addition of new material in this
edition. Among these are: Carbon/carbon brakes, nanocomposites, biocomposites,
self-healing composites, self-reinforced composites, fiber/metal laminate compos-
ites, composites for civilian aircraft, composites for aircraft jet engine, second
generation high temperature superconducting composites, WC/metal particulate
composites,newsolvedexamples,andnewproblems,etc.Inaddition,Ihaveadded
a new chapter, called non-conventional composites. This chapter deals with some
non-conventional composites: Nanocomposites (polymer, metal, and ceramic
matrix), self healing composites, self reinforced composites, biocomposites, and
laminates made of bidimensional layers.
Onceagain,Ipleadguiltytothechargethatthematerialcontainedinthisedition
is more than can be covered in a normal, semester-long course. The instructor of
course can cut the content to his/her requirements. I have always had the broader
aim of providing a text that is suitable as a source of reference for the practicing
researcher, scientist, and engineer.
xi
xii PrefacetotheThirdEdition
Finally,thereisthepleasanttaskofacknowledgments.IamgratefultoNational
ScienceFoundation,OfficeofNavalResearch,FederalTransitAdministration,Los
Alamos National Laboratory Sandia national Laboratory, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Smith International Inc., and Trelleborg, Inc. for supporting my
research work over the years, some of which is included in this text. Among the
peoplewithwhomIhavehadtheprivilegeofcollaboratingovertheyearsandwho
have enriched my life, professional and otherwise, I would like to mention, in
alphabetical order, C.H. Barham, A.R. Boccaccini, K. Carlisle, K. Chawla,
N. Chawla, X. Deng, Z. Fang, M.E. Fine, S.G. Fishman, G. Gladysz, A. Goel,
N. Gupta, the late B. Ilschner, M. Koopman, R.R. Kulkarni, B.A. MacDonald,
A. Mortensen, B. Patel, B.R. Patterson, P.D. Portella, J.M. Rigsbee, P. Rohatgi,
H. Schneider, N.S. Stoloff, Y.-L Shen, S. Suresh, Z.R. Xu, U. Vaidya, and
A.K.Vasudevan.ThanksareduetoKanikaChawlaandSatyamPatelforhelpwith
the figures in this edition. I owe a special debt of gratitude to my wife, Nivi, for
beingthereallthetime.Lastbutnotleast,Iamevergratefultomyparents,thelate
Manohar L. and Sumitra Chawla for their guidance and support.
Birmingham, AL, USA Krishan K. Chawla
March 2011
