Component-Based Systems: Estimating Efforts Using Soft Computing Techniques

113 Pages·2020·10.445 MB·English

by  Kirti Seth, Ashish Seth, Aprna Tripathi

Contents Contents
Component-Based Systems

Component-Based Systems
Estimating Efforts Using Soft
Computing Techniques
Kirti Seth, Ashish Seth, and
Aprna Tripathi
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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Names: Seth, Kirti, 1966- author. | Seth, Ashish, author. | Tripathi,
Aprna, author.
Title: Component-based systems : estimating efforts using soft computing
techniques / Kirti Seth, Ashish Seth, and Aprna Tripathi.
Description: First edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2020. | Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2020022750 (print) | LCCN 2020022751 (ebook) | ISBN
9780367856090 (hbk) | ISBN 9780367441753 (pbk) | ISBN 9781003013884
(ebk)
Subjects: LCSH: Software engineering--Management. | Component software. |
Soft computing.
Classification: LCC QA76.758 .S4583 2020 (print) | LCC QA76.758 (ebook) |
DDC 005.068--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020022750
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020022751
ISBN: 978-0-367-85609-0 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-367-44175-3 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-01388-4 (ebk)
Typeset in Times
by Deanta Global Publishing Services, Chennai, India
Contents
Preface.......................................................................................................................ix
Acknowledgments .....................................................................................................xi
Authors ...................................................................................................................xiii
Abbreviations ...........................................................................................................xv
Chapter 1 An Introduction to Component-Based Software Systems ....................1
1.1 Component-Based Development ...............................................1
1.1.1 Component ...................................................................2
1.1.2 General Component Properties ....................................3
1.1.3 Components as Objects and Frameworks ....................4
1.2 Component-Based Software Engineering .................................7
1.3 Advantages of Component-Based Software Engineering .........7
1.4 Conventional Software Reuse and CBSE ..................................9
1.4.1 CBSE Approach ...........................................................9
1.5 Architecture ...............................................................................9
1.6 Problems and Pitfalls of CBD .................................................10
1.7 Five Problems of Effort Estimation .........................................11
Exercise ..............................................................................................12
References ..........................................................................................13
Chapter 2 Effort Estimation Techniques for Legacy Systems ............................15
2.1 Introduction .............................................................................15
2.2 The Importance of Precise Effort Estimation Terminology .......15
2.3 Traditional Techniques of Effort Estimation ...........................15
2.3.1 Rule of Thumb............................................................16
2.3.2 Estimation by Analogy ...............................................16
2.3.3 Function Point Methods and Their Limitations .........17
2.4 Effort Estimation for Object-Oriented Systems ......................19
2.4.1 UML-Based Approach ...............................................20
2.4.2 Class Points ................................................................26
2.4.3 The Constructive Cost Model (COCOMO) ................32
2.5 Effort Estimation Techniques Available In CBSD ..................32
2.5.1 Parameterized Approach ............................................32
2.5.2 COCOMO II ...............................................................34
2.5.3 COCOTS ....................................................................35
2.6 Function Points and Other Size Metrics: Similarities and
Differences ..............................................................................36
Exercise ..............................................................................................37
References ..........................................................................................39
v
vi Contents
Chapter 3 An Introduction to Soft Computing Techniques ................................41
3.1 Introduction .............................................................................41
3.2 Soft Computing Techniques ....................................................42
3.2.1 Four Factors of Soft Computing .................................42
3.2.2 Fuzzy Logic ................................................................42
3.3 Evolutionary Algorithms .........................................................47
3.4 Applicability of Soft Computing Techniques in Software
Engineering .............................................................................47
3.4.1 Fuzzy Logic Concepts Usage in Software
Engineering ................................................................48
3.4.2 Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Concepts
Usage in Software Engineering ..................................49
3.4.3 Genetic Algorithm Concepts Usage in Software
Engineering ................................................................49
3.4.4 Support Vector Machine (SVM) Concepts Usage
in Software Engineering ............................................50
Exercise ..............................................................................................51
References ..........................................................................................51
Chapter 4 Fuzzy Logic-Based Approaches for Estimating Efforts Invested
in Component Selection .....................................................................53
4.1 Introduction .............................................................................53
4.2 Factors Affecting Component Selection Efforts .....................56
4.2.1 Reusability ..................................................................56
4.2.2 Portability ...................................................................59
4.2.3 Functionality ..............................................................60
4.2.4 Security ......................................................................60
4.2.5 Performance ...............................................................61
4.3 Fuzzy Logic .............................................................................61
4.3.1 Fuzzy Number ............................................................61
4.4 Five Inputs Fuzzy Model .........................................................62
4.5 Five Inputs Methodology .........................................................62
4.6 Empirical Evaluation ...............................................................68
4.7 Weight Assignment Factors for Component Selection
Efforts ......................................................................................69
4.8 Correlation Coefficient Definition ...........................................71
4.9 Empirical Validation ...............................................................71
Exercise ..............................................................................................72
Case Study 1 ............................................................................72
Case Study 2 ............................................................................74
References ..........................................................................................74
Contents vii
Chapter 5 Estimating Component Integration Efforts: A Neural
Network-Based Approach ..................................................................75
5.1 Introduction .............................................................................75
5.1.1 Formulation ................................................................76
5.1.2 Conduct ......................................................................76
5.1.3 Report .........................................................................76
5.2 Problems in Integrating COTS Components ...........................76
5.2.1 To Find Details of Available Products .......................76
5.2.2 Not a Fixed Product Scope .........................................77
5.2.3 Late Maintenance of Highly Complex Areas ............77
5.3 Factors Affecting Component Integration Efforts ..................79
5.3.1 Interaction Complexity ...............................................79
5.3.2 Understanding ............................................................79
5.3.3 Component Quality ....................................................79
5.4 Artificial Neural Network-Based Approach ............................79
5.5 Neural Network Architecture ..................................................80
5.6 MATLAB® Neural Network Toolbox .....................................80
5.7 Experimental Design ...............................................................80
5.8 Results .....................................................................................82
Case Study ...............................................................................82
References ..........................................................................................83
Appendix A: Data Tables Used for Use Cases .....................................................85
Appendix B: Review Questions .............................................................................87
Recent Trends .........................................................................................................89
Index ........................................................................................................................93

Preface
Software effort estimation is one of the oldest and most important problems in soft-
ware project management. Today there is a vast array of models, each with its own
unique strengths and weaknesses. Moreover, these models have also been proposed
in relation to the environment and the context in which they can be applied. A new
type of software systems known as Component-Based Systems have been trending
for the last three to four decades. These systems make software development as
simple as a plug and play device. This approach primarily focuses on abstraction and
reusability.
For the processes such as project planning, project budgeting, and project bidding,
the estimation of effort in software projects is considered to be fundamental. This
effort estimation is taken seriously in software companies because improper plan-
ning and budgeting will lead to troubling consequences. So, effective estimation is
necessary for software development.
In project management, the estimation of effort in software development has
recently emerged. To date, in cases that consider prediction and estimation, there
are still unresolved issues. In addition, if we adopt higher reliability then the process
of effort estimation is not yet possible and is a challenge. Therefore, the process of
estimating effort is still a tedious process for project managers.
Over the past few decades, effort estimations for software systems have caught
the attention of researchers. Although there are techniques for effort estimation of
legacy systems, there are very few techniques for estimating efforts in Component-
Based Systems. This book focuses on the effort estimation of Component-Based
Systems based on Soft Computing Techniques. Specifically, this book focuses on the
following three techniques:
• Mathematical Model-Based Techniques.
• Fuzzy Logic-Based Techniques.
• Genetic Algorithm-Based Techniques.
This book will be very useful for students – both advanced undergraduates and
entry-level graduate students, as book chapters are organized systematically for them
to easily grasp the concepts. Additionally, the book contains exercises at the end of
each chapter so students can evaluate their understanding of the topic. In general,
this book is useful for anyone who is interested in the fundamentals of effort estima-
tion in software systems or would like to pursue research in this domain.
I wish the very best to all the readers of this book.
Kirti Seth
Ashish Seth
Aprna Tripathi
ix