Table Of ContentLambert Rivard · Carla Hehner-Rivard
Complex
Terrain
Mapping
Integrated Use of Stereo Air Photos and
Satellite Images
Complex Terrain Mapping
ThiSisaFMBlankPage
Lambert Rivard (cid:129) Carla Hehner-Rivard
Complex Terrain Mapping
Integrated Use of Stereo Air Photos
and Satellite Images
LambertRivard
CarlaHehner-Rivard
Saint-Lambert,QC
Canada
ISBN978-3-319-02449-3 ISBN978-3-319-02450-9(eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-02450-9
SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014940976
#SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2014
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Preface
Thismonographdocumentsaconceptofcomplexterrainswiththeuseof57sites
consistingofcombinedinterpretedstereoairphotosandrelatedLandsatimagesof
eachsite.Thesearecomplementedby21fieldphotosofslopefailures.
Nature of Complex Terrain
The term complex terrains is adapted from D. H. Huntley (2008) Landslide
Geohazard Mapping in Complex Terrains, Geological Survey of Canada Open
File5747.Thetermisparaphrasedheretodefineregionsofinteractionofcomplex
tectonicandgeomorphichistory,arangeofsurficialdepositsandbedrock,aswell
ashighreliefandsteepslopes.
Conventional Stereo air photos
Black-and-white, color, and false-color stereo air photographs continue to be
routinely taken by many governments and remain the preferred medium for pro-
ducing maps that depict “the distribution, extent and location of bedrock, earth
materials, landforms and geomorphic processes” (Huntley). The air photos in this
workrangeinscalefrom1:10,000to1:125,000.
High-Resolution Stereo Satellite Images
These images, state of the art for many Earth science applications, are equally
applicable to mapping of complex terrains, but the use of conventional air photos
remains competitive. The paper by J. E. Nichol et al (2006) Application of high
resolution stereo satellite images to detailed landslide hazard assessment—Geo-
morphology vol. 76, pp 68–75, included a cost–benefit analysis comparing stereo
air photo interpretation with stereo satellite interpretation. Although it suggested
v
vi Preface
that stereo satellite imagery is more cost-effective for detailed landslide hazard
assessment over large areas, the analysis showed (Table 2) that the total job cost
(cost of photos/images plus cost of interpretation and mapping) for a landslide
surveyofa1,000km2areabasedon1:10,000stereoairphotoswasUS$30,200and
US$48,720for0.87resolutionIKONOSimageuse.Materialcostofairphotoswas
US$11,000andUS$46,000forIKONOSimages.
Saint-Lambert,QC,Canada LambertRivard
Contents
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
MappingMethod. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 1
GeologicTimeNomenclature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
TerrainTypeCategories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
AirPhotoLayoutFormat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
RegionalSettingSatelliteImages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
ComplexTerrainCategories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
BedrockTerrains. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 5
GlacialandAlpine-GlacialTerrains. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
PeriglacialTerrains. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
GroundIceUnits. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 140
CryoturbatedMaterials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
ThermokarstTerrain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Non-glacialSurficialTerrains. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
FluvialDeposits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
LandslideTerrains. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . 188
FieldPhotosofSlopeFailures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
USASites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
MoroccoSite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
AustrianSite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
SwitzerlandSites. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 300
vii
Introduction
Mapping Method
Themappingofcomplexterrains,followingbackgroundresearchandappreciation
ofregional environmenton Landsatimageryis based onthe viewing ofstereo air
photostodelineateboundariesbetweensurfaceareasofgeounitsofdifferenttypes
detected on the basis of spectral and spatial elements, and identified and
interpretedbyassociationalelementsaccordingtoageneticclassification.
Photo Geounit Detection Characteristics
Spectralelementsaretoneandtexture:
• Toneistherelativebrightnessofaunitexpressedinlevelsofgreyinblackand
whitephotos
• Textureistherelativeroughness/smoothnessofaunitsurfaceproducedbythe
frequencyoftonalchangeintheunit
• Spatialelementsarerelief,shape,drainage,andlanduseorlandcover
• Reliefisexpressedbystereoviewinginairphotographs,andbysunelevation,
azimuthandshadowinginmonoscopicsatelliteimages
• Shapeisthecharacteristicshapeofsomegeounits
• Drainageisthedensityandarrangementofstreamchannelswithinaunit
• Landuseandlandcovergenerallyoccurdistinctivelyinaunit
Identification and Interpretation of Photo Geounits
Geounits are identified by Associational Patterns, of a number of spectral and
spatial elements that correlate in an air photo to characterize a homogeneous
geounit that can be deductively interpreted according to a genetic classification
ofacceptedgeoscienceusage.Geologicalandgeomorphologicalmappingrequires
L.RivardandC.Hehner-Rivard,ComplexTerrainMapping, 1
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-02450-9_1,#SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2014
2 Introduction
theuseofasetofdescriptorcodestoapplytomappedgeounits.Thecompletesetof
descriptorsconstitutesageneticclassificationsystem.Whengeounitsarecompiled
asaphotogeologicmapthesecodesbecomethemaplegend.
ThestereopairofFigureB7illustratestheapplicationoftheseelements:
