Complex Oceanographic Research on the Black Sea

140 Pages·1992·10.274 MB·English

by  Eremeev

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Edited by
V.N. Eremeev
brill.nl
COMPLEX OCEANOGRAPHIC
RESEARCH OF THE BLACK SEA
TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk
COMPLEX OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH
OF THE BLACK SEA
Editor-in-Chief
V. N. Eremeev
Editorial Board
A. A. Bezborodov (Assistant Editor)
V. I. Belyaev
N. P. Bulgakov
V. S. Latun
V. I. Man'kovsky
A. M. Suvorov
Reviewer
S. V. Dotsenko
///VSP///
Utrecht, The Netherlands
1992
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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© 1992 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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CONTENTS
Preface vii
Thermohaline and optical structure of waters and
the dynamics of the sea
About the motions of deep layers in the Black Sea
V. S. Latun 1
Vertical mixing in the Black Sea
S. G. Boguslavsky, V. A. Zhorov and E. M. Porotskaya 7
Some preliminary results of the investigations of the Main Black
Sea current kinematics in the central section of the basin
during winter 1988
N. P. Bulgakov, Yii. N. Golubev and A. V. Nazin 15
Theoretical parameters of trapped waves in the Black Sea
V. A. Ivanov and A, E. Yankovsky 23
The influence of along-shore localized coastal flows travelling
over the bottom slope upon long forced waves
Yu. M. Belyakov, A. E. Bukatov and 0. M. Bukatova 35
Observations and monitoring of the hydrometeorological state
of the Black Sea from satellites
G. A. Grishin 43
Some peculiarities of the sea surface dynamics in the deep section
of the Black Sea
A. S. Kukushkin 51
Relationship between white disc visibility and the light attenuation
index in the Black Sea
V. I. Mankovsky and L. A. Zemlyanaya 61
Investigations of the optical structure of waters in the western
Black Sea
N. A. Sorokina, V. G. Lyubartsev and E. E. Paviova 65
vi Contents
Modelling of complex marine systems
A linear analytical model for stabilized currents in the Bosporus
S. R. Aivazyan and S. N. Bulgakov 71
A logical and information model of the coastal ecosystem applied to
the problems of protection of the Black Sea recreational resources
M. Yu. Khudoshina 81
An integral model for predicting the biological object's state
E. P. Davydova, N. I. Mavrenko and T. V. Plastun 89
Chemistry of the sea
The problem of determination of the oxic/anoxic interface in the
Black Sea
A. A. Novoselov 97
The fine geochemical structure of the oxic/anoxic interaction layer
in the Black Sea
A. A. Bezborodov 103
Dissolved and suspended organic matter in the Black Sea during
the winter-spring period
A. I. Agatova, 2. P. Burlakova, L. V. Eremeeva and N. I. Torgunova 121
Vll
PREFACE
The Marine Hydrophysical Institute of the Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences
is one of the Soviet institutions involved in implementation of the 'Black Sea'
project, whose principal objective is the study of abiotic factors and processes
governing the state and evolution of the Black Sea ecosystem. A synopsis of
the scientific data compiled during 1987-1988 is submitted in the collected
papers Processes of Formation and Seasonal Variability of the Hydrophysical
and Hydrochemical Fields of the Black Sea (Sevastopol: Marine Hydrophys.
Inst. (1988)). The present study deals with the data retrieved during 1988-
1989, thus being a natural sequel to the last volume of 'Black Sea' collected
papers.
The present volume is traditionally divided into three major sections: 'Ther-
mohaline and optical structure of waters and the dynamics of the sea', 'Mod
elling of complex marine systems', and 'Chemistry of the sea'.
Four hydrophysical and six complex cruises were carried out by the research
vessels of the Marine Hydrophysical Institute. We continued systematic in
situ measurements of the various parameters of the Main Black Sea current,
thus being able to gain a deep insight into its horizontal and vertical structure
and into its seasonal variability. In particular, new data have been collected
supporting the former conjecture about the existence of a feature separating
two cyclonic gyres of the Main Black Sea current during the autumn period;
namely, an intensive anticyclonic eddy located in the central section of the
basin. We have also examined temporal variations of the vorticity of the cur
rent's velocity field affected by the atmospheric forcing. The book contains
novel information about the dynamics of the Black Sea waters at depth. The
passage of a disturbing dynamical signal is tracked from surface to near-bottom
levels. A hypothesis is proposed for the mechanism responsible for generation
of a deep-sea countercurrent. The historical data on the vertical exchange
in the interiors of the sea are summarized and quantitative estimates of the
coefficients for deep-sea and near-bottom layers are derived.
Of relevance in terms of practical implications are the results of numeri
cal simulations, which permit the effect of a long-shore coastal flow travelling
over bottom slopes upon long internal waves to be evaluated. Computations
involved a hydrodynamic model of a two-layer fluid in a channel of variable
depth. The prescribed characteristics of the density jump and bottom topog
raphy roughly simulated the 'Crimea-Anatolian coast' section. In has been
Vlll Preface
stated that in the presence of a long-shore flow, the intensity of internal waves
tends to increase. Model parameters of edge waves and shelf waves in various
areas of the Black Sea are presented.
Some papers are dedicated to the study of the light field in the Black Sea.
In particular, field data are applied to scrutinize the relationship of the light
field qualitative and quantitative characteristics with the hydrobiological and
hydrobiochemical parameters.
One of the papers considers how a logical information model for coastal
ecosystems may be constructed to allow predictions of the latter's evolution
when subjected to anthropogenic effects. A specific structure of the coastal
ecosystem model relationships is given. Besides, the principles of integral mod
elling are discussed to allow prediction of transient phases in the evolution of
various biological species. The model uses a set of programs employed by the
experimental automatic system with the purpose of predicting fish resources.
A linear analytical model of the Bosporus steady currents is suggested.
Hydrochemical investigations mainly deal with the geobiochemical barrier
zones of the basin. Very interesting results were obtained in the course of pre
cision determination of the low oxygen and hydrogen sulphide concentrations
in samples taken at the oxic/anoxic interface. It has been stated that determi
nation of the concentration of these components using traditional techniques
leads to considerable errors owing to oxygen contamination of samples. Results
of the control experiments demonstrate how inadequate are the current notions
about the existence of a large quasi-stationary layer of O2/H2S coexistence. In
fact, the thickness of any such transition area normally does not exceed several
metres.
Fine structure of the distribution of suspended organic and mineral compo
nents in the O2/H2S coexistence layer and at the adjacent levels is explored.
We have shown an interdependence between the basic structural elements of the
hydrophysical and hydrochemical fields, and have described physico-chemical
processes of suspended matter conversion in the course of evolution of aerobic
conditions into anaerobic ones. Some speculations about the nature of the deep
turbid layer are offered; some regularities of the synthesis and organic matter
transformation in the Black Sea have been defined. We have also determined
the seasonal course of variations of the vertical distribution of various organic
substance components.
The results of research presented in the present volume have been utilized in
elaborating the programme of complex monitoring of the Black Sea in 1990-1991
V. N. Eremeev,
Edi tor-in-chief
Complex Ocea.nogra.phic Research
of the Black Sea, pp. 1-6
© VSP 1992.
Thermohaline and Optical
Structure of Waters and
the Dynamics of the Sea
About the motions of the deep layers
in the Black Sea
V. S. LATUN
Abstract — Direct measurement data and diagnostic calculations are used to show
that relatively intensive periodic and nonperiodic currents occur in the Black Sea deep
layers, and that the entire water column constitutes a unique dynamical system. A
flow of opposite direction has been discovered in the area of the Main Black Sea
current below 1000 m. At a depth of 1500 m, the modulus of average hourly vector
velocity attained 20 cms , the average daily one 15 cm s~ , and the vector velocity
modulus averaged over 12 days was as large as 11 cms- . The characteristics of
the basic periodic vector velocity components are determined. The disturbing signal
is observed to pass from subsurface layers into the deeper ones, while concurrently
the geostrophic adaptation mechanism is examined. Physical explanation of a deep
countercurrent generation is suggested.
The problem of the existence and nature of seawater motions in the interiors
of the Black Sea has long been a matter of scientific discussion. The attempts
to sum up this discussion were made in refs. [1, 2]; however, even today the
basic issues remain unresolved: does the direction of large-scale circulation
vary with depth? Is there an anticyclonic gyre at depth? Do we have sufficient
arguments to claim that water movement in the 500-1500 m layer is very
weak and irregular? To obtain a response to these questions, further in situ
measurements are required. The purpose of the present work is to report
the new data about the water dynamics of the Black Sea deep layers and to
furnish relevant arguments using the data on the vertical structure of currents
to explore the dynamics of the entire water column as a unique dynamic system.
The paper contains new data on the spatial evolution of the density structure
of waters from surface to bottom, and in situ observations of currents in a 10-
1500 m layer [3]. The basic data on direct current measurements were provided
by five autonomous buoy stations occupied for nearly a fortnight in the Main
UDK 551.465(262.5)