Complex Metallic Alloys: Fundamentals and Applications

425 Pages·2011·0.28 MB·English

by  Jean-Marie Dubois

Edited by
Jean-Marie Dubois and
Esther Belin-Ferr´e
Complex Metallic Alloys
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Edited by
Jean-Marie Dubois and Esther Belin-Ferré
Complex Metallic Alloys
Fundamentals and Applications
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XI
Contents
Foreword V
Preface XIX
List of Contributors XXI
1 IntroductiontotheScienceofComplexMetallicAlloys 1
Jean-MarieDubois,EstherBelin-Ferré,andMichaelFeuerbacher
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 ComplexMetallicAlloy:WhatIsIt? 2
1.2.1 CompositionandVarieties 3
1.2.2 ComplexityataGlance 4
1.2.3 Defects 6
1.3 ComplexMetallicAlloy:WhyIsItComplex? 12
1.3.1 ElectronicDensitiesofStatesandHume-RotheryRules 12
1.3.2 Self-HybridizationinAl-MgAlloys 15
1.4 ABriefSurveyofProperties 18
1.4.1 TransportProperties 18
1.4.2 SurfacePhysicsandChemistry 20
1.4.3 SurfaceEnergy 22
1.4.4 Plasticity 25
1.5 PotentialApplications 30
1.5.1 ApplicationsRelatedtoSurfaceEnergy 30
1.5.2 ApplicationsRelatedtoTransportProperties 33
1.5.3 ApplicationsRelatedtoDispersionofParticlesinaMatrix 35
1.6 ConclusionandIntroductionoftheFollowingChapters 36
References 36
2 PropertiesofCMAs:TheoryandExperiments 41
EnriqueMaciáandMarcdeBoissieu
2.1 Introduction 41
2.2 Electronic-Structure-RelatedProperties 43
2.2.1 TransportPropertiesofQuasicrystalsandApproximants 43
ComplexMetallicAlloys:FundamentalsandApplications
EditedbyJean-MarieDuboisandEstherBelin-Ferré
Copyright(cid:1)2011WILEY-VCHVerlagGmbH&Co.KGaA,Weinheim
ISBN:978-3-527-32523-8
XII Contents
2.2.1.1 InverseMatthiessenRule 43
2.2.1.2 Current–VoltageCurves 44
2.2.1.3 OpticalConductivity 45
2.2.1.4 SeebeckCoefficient 49
2.2.1.5 -Wiedemann–FranzLaw 49
2.2.2 ChemicalTrends 53
2.2.3 ElectronicStructure 56
2.2.3.1 Fermi-Level-Pseudogap 56
2.2.3.2 FineSpectralFeatures 57
2.2.3.3 SpectralConductivityModels 59
2.2.3.4 TheRoleofCriticalStates 60
2.2.4 PhenomenologicalApproaches 63
2.2.4.1 Kubo–GreenwoodFormalismofTransportCoefficients 63
2.2.4.2 ApplicationExamples 67
2.3 Phonons 71
2.3.1 Phonons:AnIntroduction 71
2.3.2 MeasuringPhonons:InelasticNeutronandX-RayScattering 75
2.3.2.1 CoherentInelasticNeutronScattering 75
2.3.2.2 IncoherentInelasticNeutronScattering 78
2.3.3 BeyondtheHarmonicApproximation 78
2.3.4 PhononsinQuasicrystalsandtheirApproximants 81
2.3.4.1 TheZn MgLavesPhase 81
2
2.3.4.2 Thei-Al-Pd-MnIcosahedralQuasicrystal 86
2.3.4.3 Thei-Zn-Mg-ScQuasicrystalandits1/1Zn-ScApproximant 88
2.3.5 PhononsinCageCompoundsandThermoelectricity 95
2.3.5.1 Clathrates 96
2.3.5.2 Skutterudites 101
2.3.5.3 Zinc-AntimonyAlloyZn Sb 103
4 3
2.3.6 PhononandTransportProperties:TheExample
ofThermoelectricity 105
2.3.6.1 ThermalConductivity 105
2.3.6.2 ThermoelectricFigureofMerit 106
2.4 Conclusion 109
References 109
3 AnisotropicPhysicalPropertiesofComplexMetallicAlloys 117
JanezDolins4ekandAnaSmontara
3.1 Introduction 117
3.2 StructuralConsiderationsandSamplePreparation 118
3.2.1 Y-Al-Ni-Co 118
3.2.2 o-Al Co 119
13 4
3.2.3 Al (Cr,Fe) 119
4
3.3 AnisotropicMagneticProperties 120
3.3.1 Y-Al-Ni-Co 120
3.3.2 o-Al Co 120
13 4
Contents XIII
3.3.3 Al (Cr,Fe) 122
4
3.4 AnisotropicElectricalResistivity 124
3.4.1 Y-Al-Ni-Co 124
3.4.2 o-Al Co 125
13 4
3.4.3 Al (Cr,Fe) 126
4
3.5 AnisotropicThermoelectricPower 130
3.5.1 Y-Al-Ni-Co 130
3.5.2 o-Al Co 131
13 4
3.5.3 Al4(Cr,Fe) 132
3.6 AnisotropicHallCoefficient 132
3.6.1 Y-Al-Ni-Co 132
3.6.2 o-Al Co 134
13 4
3.6.3 Al (Cr,Fe) 135
4
3.7 AnisotropicThermalConductivity 136
3.7.1 Y-Al-Ni-Co 136
3.7.2 o-Al Co 136
13 4
3.7.3 Al (Cr,Fe) 138
4
3.8 FermiSurfaceandtheElectronicDensityofStates 140
3.8.1 Y-Al-Ni-Co 140
3.8.2 o-Al Co 142
13 4
3.8.3 Al (Cr,Fe) 142
4
3.9 TheoreticalAbInitioCalculationoftheElectronicTransport
Coefficients 144
3.9.1 AnisotropicHallCoefficientofY-Al-Ni-Co 146
3.9.2 AnisotropicTransportCoefficientsofo-Al Co 148
13 4
3.9.2.1 ElectricalResistivity 148
3.9.2.2 ElectronicThermalConductivity 149
3.9.2.3 HallCoefficient 150
3.10 Conclusion 151
References 152
4 SurfaceScienceofComplexMetallicAlloys 155
VincentFournée,JulianLedieu,andJeongY.Park
4.1 Introduction 155
4.2 Surface-StructureDetermination 156
4.2.1 SurfacePreparation 156
4.2.2 StructurefromReal-SpaceMethods 159
4.2.3 StructurefromReciprocal-SpaceMethods 165
4.2.4 StructurefromAbInitioMethods 167
4.2.5 StabilityofAlloySurfaces 169
4.3 ElectronicStructure 170
4.3.1 ThePseudo-GapFeature 170
4.3.2 NatureoftheElectronicStates 175
4.4 Thin-FilmGrowthonCMASurfaces 177
4.4.1 Low-CoverageRegime 178
XIV Contents
4.4.1.1 NucleationMechanism 178
4.4.1.2 IdentificationoftheTrapSites 179
4.4.1.3 PseudomorphicLayers 181
4.4.2 MultilayerRegime 184
4.4.2.1 TwinningofNanocrystals 184
4.4.2.2 IntermixingandAlloying 185
4.4.2.3 ElectronConfinement 186
4.5 Adhesion,FrictionandWettingPropertiesofCMASurfaces 188
4.5.1 WettingProperties 188
4.5.2 Atomic-ScaleAdhesionPropertiesofComplexMetallicAlloys 190
4.5.2.1 Continuum-MechanicsModels 190
4.5.2.2 AdhesiononCleanandIn-SituOxidizedQuasicrystalSurfaces 191
4.5.2.3 AdhesionMeasuredintheElasticandInelasticRegime 192
4.5.2.4 AdhesiononAir-OxidizedQuasicrystalSurfaces 193
4.5.3 Atomic-ScaleFrictionProperties 194
4.5.3.1 Friction-MeasurementApparatus–FFMandTribometer 194
4.5.3.2 FrictiononAtomicallyCleanandIn-SituOxidizedQuasicrystal
Surfaces 196
4.5.4 FrictionAnisotropy 197
4.5.4.1 FrictionAnisotropyofClean2-FoldAl-Ni-CoSurface 198
4.5.4.2 FrictionAnisotropyAfterSurfaceModification 200
4.5.4.3 LowFrictionofQuasicrystalsandItsRelationwithWetting
andAdhesion 200
4.6 Conclusion 201
References 202
5 MetallurgyofComplexMetallicAlloys 207
SaskiaGottlieb-Schoenmeyer,WolfAssmus,NathaliePrud’homme,
andConstantinVahlas
5.1 Introduction 207
5.2 BasicConceptsofCrystalGrowth 208
5.2.1 BridgmanMethod 210
5.2.2 ZoneMelting 212
5.2.3 CzochralskiTechnique 212
5.2.4 FluxGrowthTechnique 214
5.3 ExamplesofSingle-CrystalGrowthofCMAs 215
5.3.1 Al Co andAl Fe UsingtheCzochralskiTechnique 215
13 4 13 4
5.3.2 Single-CrystalGrowthofb-Al-Mg 217
5.3.2.1 BridgmanGrowth 218
5.3.2.2 CzochralskiGrowth 218
5.3.2.3 Self-FluxGrowth 218
5.3.3 Single-CrystalGrowthofMg (Al,Zn) 219
32 49
5.3.3.1 BridgmanGrowth 219
5.3.3.2 CzochralskiGrowth 220
5.3.4 Single-CrystalGrowthofAl-Pd-MnApproximants 221
Contents XV
5.3.5 CrystalGrowthofYb-CuSuperstructuralPhases 222
5.3.6 Single-CrystalGrowthofMgZn 224
2
5.3.6.1 BridgmanTechnique 224
5.3.6.2 Liquid-EncapsulatedKyropoulusTechnique 224
5.4 IntroductiontoChemicalVaporDepositionofCoatings
ContainingCMAs 225
5.5 MOCVDProcessingofAl-Cu-FeThinFilms 227
5.5.1 PrecursorsSelection 229
5.5.2 DepositionofAluminum 232
5.5.3 DepositionofCopper 233
5.5.4 DepositionoftheAl Cu ApproximantPhase 235
4 9
5.5.5 DepositionofIron 237
5.6 ConcludingRemarks 239
References 241
6 SurfaceChemistryofCMAs 243
Marie-GenevièveBarthés-Labrousse,AlessandraBeni,
andPatrikSchmutz
6.1 Introduction 243
6.2 SurfaceChemistryofCMAsUnderUHVEnvironment 244
6.2.1 InteractionwithOxygen 244
6.2.2 InteractionwithOtherMolecules 248
6.3 AtmosphericAging 251
6.3.1 AtmosphericOxidation 251
6.3.2 SurfacePropertiesinAtmosphericConditions 254
6.4 SurfaceChemistryandReactionsinAqueousSolutions 255
6.4.1 ThermodynamicStability 255
6.4.2 OxideElectronicProperties 259
6.4.3 LocalizedDegradationReactions 262
6.4.4 Summary:LocalizedCorrosionModelfortheAl (Fe,Cr)
4
Compound 265
6.5 High-TemperatureCorrosion 266
6.5.1 BulkSamples 266
6.5.2 Powders,ThinFilmsandOxidation-InducedPhase
Transformations 268
6.6 Conclusion 270
References 270
7 MechanicalEngineeringPropertiesofCMAs 273
JürgenEckert,SergioScudino,MihaiStoica,SamuelKenzari,
andMurielSales
7.1 Introduction 273
7.2 StructureandMechanicalPropertiesofCMAs 274
7.2.1 Single-PhaseIntermetallics 274
7.2.2 MultiphaseIntermetallics 280
XVI Contents
7.3 MetalMatrixCompositesReinforcedwithCMAs 290
7.3.1 ProcessingofAluminumMatrixCompositesReinforced
withCMAs 291
7.3.1.1 ThermalStabilityofCMAsinAl-BasedMatrixComposites 291
7.3.1.2 PreservingComplexPhasesinAl-BasedMatrixComposites 292
7.3.2 MechanicalPropertiesofAl-BasedCompositesReinforced
withCMAs 294
7.4 SurfaceMechanicalTestingandPotentialApplications 299
7.4.1 FrettingTests(ColdWelding)ofCMAs 299
7.4.2 FrictionPropertiesofComposites 306
7.4.2.1 CMAMatrixComposites 306
7.4.2.2 Al-BasedCompositesReinforcedwithCMAs 309
7.5 Conclusions 311
References 312
8 CMA’sasMagnetocaloricMaterials 317
SpomenkaKobe,BenjaminPodmiljs4ak,PaulJohnMcGuiness,
andMatejKomelj
8.1 Introduction 317
8.2 Materials 320
8.2.1 TheoreticalInvestigationoftheMagnetocaloricEffect 320
8.2.1.1 Gd Si Ge 321
5 2 2
8.2.1.2 LaFe13(cid:1)xSix 321
8.2.2 ElementalMagnetocalorics 322
8.2.3 IntermetallicCompounds 323
8.2.3.1 LavesPhases 323
8.2.3.2 CMAs[Gd5(Si1(cid:1)xGex)4AlloysandRelated5:4Materials] 324
8.2.4 Mn-BasedCompounds 326
8.2.4.1 Mn(As1(cid:1)xSbx)Alloys 326
8.2.4.2 MnFe(P1(cid:1)xAsx)Alloys 327
8.2.4.3 Ni MnX(X ¼ Ga,In,Sn,Sb)HeuslerAlloys 328
2
8.2.4.4 MiscellaneousCompounds 329
8.2.5 La(Fe13(cid:1)xMx)-BasedCompounds 330
8.2.6 Manganites 332
8.2.7 MiscellaneousIntermetallicCompounds 334
8.2.8 Nanocomposites 336
8.2.9 ComparisonofMCEMaterials 336
8.2.10 Conclusions 337
8.3 MagnetocaloricEffectandHysteresisLossesofCMAs 337
8.3.1 SubstitutingGeandSiwithVariousElementstoReducethe
HysteresisLosses 339
8.3.2 PhaseFormationandMagneticPropertiesofGd Si Ge withFe
5 2 2
Substitutions 339
8.3.3 X-RayDiffractionMeasurements 344
8.3.4 MagneticMeasurements 344