Complex Dynamics of Traffic Management

771 Pages·2019·41.8 MB·English

by  Boris S. Kerner

Encyclopedia of
Complexity and Systems Science Series
Editor-in-Chief: Robert A. Meyers
Boris S. Kerner Editor
Complex
Dynamics of
Traffic
Management
A Volume in the Encyclopedia of
Complexity and Systems Science,
Second Edition
Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems
Science Series
Editor-in-Chief
RobertA.Meyers
The Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science Series of topical
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15581
Boris S. Kerner
Editor
Complex Dynamics of
Traffic Management
A Volume in the Encyclopedia of
Complexity and Systems Science,
Second Edition
With408Figuresand26Tables
Editor
BorisS.Kerner
PhysicsofTransportandTraffic
UniversityDuisburg-Essen
Duisburg,Germany
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TheEncyclopediaofComplexityandSystemScienceSeriesisamultivolume
authoritative source for understanding and applying the basic tenets of com-
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Volume Preface
The complexity of vehicular traffic management is associated with the com-
plexspatiotemporaldynamicbehaviorofvehiculartraffic.Thespatiotemporal
traffic dynamic behavior is mostly associated with the occurrence of traffic
breakdown,i.e.,atransitionfromfreeflowtocongestedtrafficinatrafficor
transportation network. Congested traffic causes a considerable increase in
traveltime,fuelconsumption,CO emission,aswellasothertravelcosts.For
2
thisreason,usersoftrafficandtransportationnetworksexpectthat,throughthe
applicationoftrafficmanagement,eithertrafficbreakdowncanbepreventedin
a network or, if the latter is not possible, the effect of traffic congestion on
travel costs is reduced. Therefore, any traffic and transportation theory and
model applied for traffic management should be consistent with empirical
featuresoftrafficbreakdownatanetworkbottleneck.
Empirical traffic breakdown at a highway bottleneck is a transition from
freetrafficflow(F)tosynchronizedtrafficflow(S)(calledanF!Stransition).
Synchronizedtrafficflowisoneofthephasesofcongestedtraffic.Themost
importantempiricalfeatureoftrafficbreakdowninanetworkisthenucleation
natureoftrafficbreakdownfoundinrealfieldtrafficdata.Thetermnucleation
natureoftrafficbreakdownmeansthattrafficbreakdownoccursinametasta-
blefreeflowwithrespecttoanF!Stransition.Themetastabilityoffreeflow
isasfollows.Therecanbemanyspeed(density,flowrate)disturbancesinfree
flow.Amplitudesofthedisturbancescanbeverydifferent.Whenadisturbance
occurs randomly whose amplitude is larger than a critical one, then traffic
breakdown (F!S transition) occurs. Such a disturbance resulting in break-
down is called the nucleus for the breakdown. Otherwise, if the disturbance
amplitudeissmallerthanthecriticalone,thedisturbancedecays;asaresult,no
trafficbreakdownoccurs.
Todevelopstrategiesandmethodsfortrafficmanagement,adiversevariety
of traffic and transportation theories and models have been introduced and
developed.Thesetheoriesandmodelshavehadagreatimpactontheunder-
standingofmanyempiricaltrafficphenomenaobservedinrealtraffic.Unfor-
tunately,thesegenerallyacceptedclassical(standard)trafficandtransportation
theoriesandmodelshavenevertheless failed bytheirapplicationsinthereal
world.Evenseveraldecadesofveryintensiveefforttoimproveandvalidate
network optimization and control models based on the classical traffic and
transportationtheorieshavehadnosuccess.Indeed,noexamplescanbefound
where online implementations of the network optimization models based on
ix
x VolumePreface
these classical traffic and transportation theories could reduce congestion in
realtrafficandtransportationnetworks.
Thisfailureofstandardtrafficandtransportationtheoriescanbeexplained
asfollows:Thestandardtrafficandtransportationtheoriesarenotconsistent
withthenucleationnatureoftrafficbreakdown(F!Stransition).Thenucle-
ationnatureofempiricaltrafficbreakdownwasunderstoodonlyduringthelast
20years.Incontrast,thegenerallyacceptedfundamentalsandmethodologies
oftrafficandtransportationtheorywereintroducedinthe1950s–1960s.Thus,
thescientistswhoseideasledtotheclassical(standard)trafficandtransporta-
tion theories did not appreciate the empirical nucleation nature of traffic
breakdown. Respectively, in the 1990s–2010s, the three-phase traffic theory
andthebreakdownminimization(BM)principlewereintroduced.Thethree-
phase theory explains the empirical nucleation nature of traffic breakdown.
The BM principle describes how to maximize the network throughput by
preventingtrafficbreakdowninthenetwork.
Thestandardtrafficandtransportationtheoriesthatfailedwhenappliedin
therealworldarecurrentlythemethodologies ofteaching programs inmost
universities and the subject of publications in most transportation research
journalsandscientificconferences.
Itcouldbeassumedthatthefailureofstandardmethodologiesoftrafficand
transportation science for reliable traffic management can be explained by a
very long time interval between the development of the classical traffic
theories made in the 1950s–1960s and the understanding of the empirical
nucleationnatureoftrafficbreakdownatroadbottlenecksmadeattheendof
the 1990s. During this long time interval, several generations of traffic
researchesdevelopedahugenumberoftrafficflowmodelsandstrategiesfor
trafficmanagementbasedontheclassical(standard)approaches.Itturnedout
that the three-phase traffic theory is incommensurable with any classical
(standard) traffic flow theory. The term incomprehensibility has been intro-
ducedbyKuhninhisfamousbookTheStructureofScientificRevolutionsto
explainaparadigmshiftinafieldofscience.Inparticular,Kuhn’shistorical
analysisshowsthatthereissomecommonbehaviorofaresearchcommunity
duringaparadigmshift.FromKuhn’sanalysis,itisunderstandablewhyitis
very difficult for most members of the traffic and transportation research
community to realize there are empirical traffic phenomena that call into
question basically all fundamentals of the standard traffic flow theories and
modelsaswellastoacceptthethree-phasetraffictheorysolvingtheproblem.
InthisvolumeoftheEncyclopediaofComplexityandSystemsScience,the
three-phase traffic theory and standard traffic flow theories as well as their
applications for traffic management are discussed in several review articles
writtenbyresearchersofdifferentscientificgroups.Inadditiontotheconsid-
eration of the complexity of vehicular traffic, the volume includes reviews
about pedestrian traffic research and evacuation phenomena as well as air
trafficmanagement.
Stuttgart,Germany BorisS.Kerner
March2019 VolumeEditor