Comparison of Aquaculture and Broiler Production Systems

102 Pages·2001·0.32 MB·English

Comparison of Aquaculture and Broiler
sm entosiytScudorP
. Ble a h c i M rossefo r,PsnommiT . lW u aP ,ohA DhP
gnireenign Elacigoloi Bdn alarutlucirgA gnitlu s n oC simonocE
ytis r e v i n U l l e n r o C A,BeDvitceps ryerPtluoP
Ithaca, NY 14853 20 Eastwood Road
Storrs, CT 06268
noitcudortnI
gniylp pgsunisim rha sfhfitofw odrig p dadnreatami cgend i eesrbnaoitalu pho spliafrutaN
na reve gnisaercni noitcarf fo eht hsif .tekram ADSU scitsitats wohs eht dlrow
laicr eymrmeohc ssigfnidnal eva hdesaerce dmorf 101 noilli mcirtem snot ot 89noillim
cir tsenmot ni eht ts aele rshrtae ydna taht ASU n or i estapepttmiauprsa ncfooc hsifevah
desaerced ni eht tsal lareves sraey morf 4.7 gk ot eht tnerruc level fo 6.6 gk rep,atipac
etipse ddetnemucod htlaeh stifeneb fo gnitae hsif ,ADSU( .)4991 fO eht tnerrucdoofaes
mo rdfeilpp u ss%i 0,2noitpmusnoc ,nacire mcAifitneic Se(rutlucauqa . ),5r9e9b1mevoN
erutlucauqA tsum eunitnoc dna etarelecca eht tnerruc dnert fo gniylppus ehtgnisaercni
deen rof hsif dna doofa e.sstcudorp erehT era gnorts snoinipo ni eht cifitneics dna -irga
ensiaer cs nie sihr seteoaihttwinum msoscenisub neoriuttc luludlcoiarwupqa emo-cmorf
indoor or outdoor culture systems. Outdoor culture proponents argue that the costs of
gnicudorp hsif morf roodni smetsys era oot hgih ot reve wolla ytidommoc slevelfo
tcudorp ot eb decudorp morf hcus .smetsys roodtuO erutluc stnenoporp oslaniatniam
taht rieht smetsys ekat egatnavda fo snoisivorp fo ,erutan .g.e enihsnus dna eagla
,noitcudorp dna taht eht laitini metsys stsoc era wol rof dnop .serutcurts ,rehtruFroodtuo
stnenoporp eugra taht hsif noitcudorp dluohs etartnecnoc ni gnipoleved seirtnuocerehw
robal dna dnal . eevriasnepxe ni elihW e hsttnemug rraof roo detruuotluc eradilav , yeht
od teotnanim i ellheatitnet ofpo ro oedrn uistmleutcsys sa neolibta cisuvtdionrup rofeht
evititepmoc noitcudorp fo hsif .stcudorp ehT seigolonhcet elbaliava yadot eracitamard
stnemev orrepvmoi tahw saw etats“ fo eht ”tra tsuj a wef sraey .oga eW eveileb ti sion
regno lna eussi sa or t ershomtoee dthlnswliyisw eb tenha tnmirmoofd fo erutlucaunqia
eht ,erutuf tub ,rehtar eht deeps ta hcihw siht yrtsudni lliw worg ot teem ehtreve
.stcud odropof aee fs rados efgennisaercni
yrtsu dynrItl u eomhP otsrnfosseL
A gn oerctnsalbm esstesrixe neewteb eht aipal iytrtsudni sa ti sraen eht ts12 yrutnecdna
e hryterltisourd bnfio eht tsal flah fo eht h.ty0r2utnec e hryTerltisou rddbniid tontsixe
lyi ratettahse tu rnde o nmwyi ti oer laou0crugltb 4egt nihf$bneibtoehn0ctn 2 itegahetb
level yb eht dne fo eht .yrutnec tI nageb sa a draykcab ybboh dna werg otyolpme
sderdnuh fo sdnasuoht fo .elpoep ydne izsTieliania cpdemepomscrof eht sisab fotahw
e r l duy ned e tbeodnsiy lhdioaapbetutntmwohs ceactefirror ggleaat cne iimetahrcteevb
.yrut nefehoct
190
r a oes t pte ep n br canee olaimhefllethAplte yrt s ru yedw rl noetioil hsotlaturoidbfpnailit
:ledom
• f oytiliba te iydos/nr otcs ow ecoazlili toautipalit
• ygolonh cneotitcud o wrhe ptnniowitcud osfrto psgoncipp oyrlddipar
• tekr ae mhnttoa ehms itfs otcsew oe lhgtniv ar holfaitnetop
•dname df oyticitsal eeh ty bnevir ddname dremusnoc
• ela c fssoeimono cde nnaoitarget nliacitr erv olfaitnetop
fI eht aipalit yrtsudni si ot etacilpud eht htworg etar fo eht reliorb ,yrtsudni titsum
ecudorp a wol tsoc .tcudorp nekcihC emaceb eht tsom ralupop taem eciohc esuaceb tisi
a wol ,tsoc ,ytsat dna lufh t.ltaceuhdorp sA eht ecirp fo yna taem tcudor p,sporddnamed
.sesaercni fI aipalit semoceb eht tsewol tsoc hsif no eht ,tekram ti lliw ton ylno evaha
gnidnammoc ecneserp ni eht hsif dna doofaes ,tekram tub osla pleh dnapxe ehthsif
noitrop fo eht latot taem.tekram
sna c yielrreeakmiA lontu reve tae aipalit ni eht yaw taht yeht tae ,nekcih c,krop ro.feeb
r srnrardeoeeo npipy7utoppmu se hnsnesoaihicetf rl%ca0nn5ioi t, isndsadealehtreveN
atipac rep raey nihtiw eht txen 02 sraey dluoc eb .detcepxe tahT dluow eriuqera
noitcudorp level fo 2 noillib sdnuop fo aipalit yb eht raey .8102 oT hcaer taht,level
dneelo svui s a aot hdnyeohwcrcno brtu aaui0cdreeol0no oypl1ir efipthmxt! es0nr2aey
nfeip pda lh?un oethpIs psa ihlhltiW aipalit enm aoeccneo bf o t est heshstwostocialfem
.elbaliav aytilau qtsehgi hdna
:snoss etlnatrop meier hntra eosltra e0dy5eriuq eyrrtsud nrielio rebhT
• noitarget nliacitrev
• gnissec orrephtruf
• gnidnarb
gninraeL morf eht ecneirepxe fo eht reliorb ,yrtsudni eht aipalit yrtsudni sah eht
opportunity to telescope that 05 raey ssecorp otni a hcum retrohs emit ,doi rseppahrepsa
.sra e 0 ys1waef
no iltaacrigtertenVI . nloaictiatrrgeeV tsnii e hptihsrenw oro lortnoc fo lla ro tsom foeht
noitcudorp .segats nI eht reliorb yrtsudni taht snaem taht a elgnis ”rotargetnI“ snworo
yle ssollocrtnoc eht deef ,l l,i ymgrneihscst ea,chtonraplp smraf dn agnitekram foreliorb
.taem re lsiroortBargetni od ton yllareneg nwo .smraf daetsnI yeht ylesol clortnocmraf
production through the use of contracts. For the e ln g adnael imut soaywhrttsu daniipalit
gnisseco r,phs i,fsgnilregn i,fde e ffnooitcudo rep hltortn oycleso l rcno wdolu oywnapmoc
.gnitekra mdn a)yn afi(
yhW si lac intorietvargetn ihcus a doog ?aedi lac intorietVarge tsnwiolla a ynapmocot
etanidrooc eht yticapac noitazilitu fo hcae egats fo ,noitcudorp hsilbatse a elgnistiforp
,retnec dna lortnoc ytilauq morf gninnigeb ot .dne tI si eht etats fo eht tra nieht
.esirpret nsesenisubir g n afanooitazinagro
191
rehtruFgnissecorP . sA eht reliorb yrtsudni thguorb nwod eht tsoc fo ,noitcudorpti
emaceb elbissop ot lles rehtruf dessecorp dna eulav dedda stcudorp esuaceb eht ecirpfo
eseht stcudorp emac nihtiw hcaer fo .sremusnoc rehtruF dessecorp stcudorp evahowt
stifeneb otsrotargetni : ,tsrif yeht edivorp a rehgih nigram fo ,tiforp dna ,dnocesyeht
edivorp a erom elbats emocni revo .emit roF eht aip a,lyirttsudni eht stifeneb forehtruf
gnissecorp era .suoivbo naciremA sremusnoc od ton tnaw ot laed htiw hsif senobdna
;sliar tyneeht tnaw a hsif telif ta aelban o.staseorc woL tsoc elohw awliolpeliahlwltait
ts owc olall e osytrtsud naiipalit .telli faipalit
gnidnarB . ehT lan itfnatro pnmoisse ldenrael yb eht reli oyrrbtsudni saw taht adednarb
tcudorp sedivorp erom snruter naht a dednarb-non .tcudorp A dednarb tcudorptsum
:lufssecc u e sobstnoitidn ogcniwoll oef hhtt otbeem
• sremusno cy bdezingoce ryledi ws iti
• tcudo re phr toefr oy maogptnill ie wrsaremusnoc
A doog elpmaxe fo gnidnarb ni eht reliorb yrtsudni si eudreP .smraF eudrePsdneps
yletamixor p5pa stnec rep dnuop nginisitrev doat esaercni eht selas ecirp fo ehtdednarb
tcudorp yb 8 stnec rep .dnuop nI s’eudreP gnitekram fo eht dednarb ,tcudorpknarF
.”stcejb ogniyr fdeifitnedinu “meh tgnilla cy bstra pyrtluo pdednarbn uf onu fseka meudreP
snosirap mcoiCmonocE
eW lliw ekam a nosirapmoc gnoma roodtuo ,smetsys roodni smetsys dnalaicremmoc
reliorb .noitcudorp ehT roodtuo scimonoce lliw eb nekat morf hsiftac noitcudorp nieht
,ASU ecnis etelpmoc atad si elbaliava rof hcus .smetsys hsi fntoaiCtcudorp si aerutam
yrts undin ieht ASU dna s a,hc ue sh stn to.sido tecefctro unal de lsometruwcpceofdffoE
lai t litanntieimptasce vdnnia y tmievtisty csluldiowrp e bdetcide rrpof rnoooidtnciudorp
costs. Projected production costs for aipalit lliw eb edam desab nopu eht ygolonhcetro
.sr a te5xy ee nhrte vdoetcep xsetnemevorp mtinemeganam
sisylanA
nosirapmoC ot hsiftaC dnoPnoitcudorP . eW lliw erapmoc detciderp stsoc fo aipalit
noitcudorp desab nopu ecnamrofrep atad detcelloc ta llenr oyCtisrevinU htiwylsuoiverp
dehsilbup atad rof ippississiM hsiftac noitcudorp morf egral roodtuo .sdnop aipaliT
tnenopmoc stsoc era desab nopu tnerruc llenroC ytisrevinU atad dna ecneirepxe htiwna
indoor 220,000 kg/ ry aipalit mraf yltnecer tliub raen llen ryotCisrevinU( aguyaCauqA
,serutneV ,CLL ro .)VAC ehT llenroC atad erew deniatbo morf a epytotorp06 000,L
knat mets yrsalimis ot eht knat sm edtesbyisrcsed ni selbaT 1 dna .2 e,reelhbWanosaer
tnenopmoc stsoc era tpek eht emas neewteb eht aipalit dna hsiftac ,selpmaxe ostaht
secnereffid ni noitcudorp stsoc era eht tluser fo tnemeganam dna metsys stsoc dnaton
.ecnarusn iytilibai lya sro fdes useula vevitcejbus
ehT noitcudorp slevel morf htob smetsys era 000,095 .raey/gk sihT nosirapmocsi
dednetni ot wohs eht ,shtgnerts sessenkaew dna seitiralimis fo eht owt noitcudorp
el3 bnnaeiT v eisrgraot ccaifmon odceetaico s ds,nasaeu lnaovitaicer p,esd e.cs imrePtsys
rof htob ippississiM dnop hsiftac noitcudorp dna a nretsaehtron ASU roodnimetsys
gnicudorp a iepr a ee l ehreiedwugthita t sarrstreiiuev aopa.mCe°t9 d et hastiticswoosCsa
192
hsifta cnoitcudorp era sa nevig yb muneeK dna pordlaW .)8891( ,noitaicerpeDsriaper
dna ecnanetniam rof eht aipali telpmaxe ere wdetaluclac ni a erom elpmis noihsafnaht
sisy l hads nei nasfeiuthatc ; se cner enfifid siht ttnseonco pemuodc no iodttoahltuecmlac
e.rlaaminim dee Fecirp sdie tdsruajw dpmauorf tah tnevig yb mune edKna Waldrop to
ht orb odfe s sueici rdpe eefm aes h;tseci rdpe etfnerr u fceovitcelf eerb .hsifta cdn aaipalit
scitsiret cfaorahC eht roodni a hims p rinaeafelr f viaenitligb a2T dna metsy stsoscliated
) tneyner te vaeimnilvti g bisl. a tea3sT mcv ttseunldisttdi lnp ocsoaaafceyrrcofspe(fvEo
rep tinu emulov fo retaw lliw osla eb detartsnomed retal ni siht .repap ehTsretemarap
seh.m cteede iiv tehlwwinst tlt teyase avsranenviehrlirg pobeto Casa2Tnh owecermaos
d esdt ensdiaietlfisned ta y lsbeatra eredviosbnaoc %2 rep yad r odfen isadtosiursephtiw
.sseccus ehT roodni aipa lmietts ynsgised si desab nopu wolfpu dnas sretlif gnisuegral
sdnasD( = 6.0 mm dna D = 1. 1;mm wo lyftpiucolev fo 5.3 ,)s/ meclbuo dniardwolf
10 qe
sno ie tzoa it rtm eeu ni, mhgdenlrsutiemia edlfdtmvrtiondnaooalvoneemfwocapresstrus
.)ret ecmibuc/ g0k0 1s(eiticap agcniyrr atcsedom
robaLstnemeriuqer . ehT ’srohtua secneirepxe htiw a egnar fo sknat morf 2 ot 8 mera
reb m ,etus thini.ctee gfnaf Inesoartmuoh- nraamli meirsiu qseer zsiusoi rsfako vntaatht
fo sknat dna ton eht ezis fo sknat taht si tnatropmi ni gninimreted tnemeganamsruoh
.deriuqer ruO ecneirepxe setacidni taht tneiciffe sreworg nac eganam a seires fosknat
gnigareva 02 ot 03 setunim rep yad rep knat metsys 000,11( .)L robaL sedulcniyliad
retaw yrtsimehc ,stnemerusaem hsif ,gnideef retlif ,ecnanetniam dna knat .gninaelc
ylkeeW ecnanetniam fo owt ot eerht lanoitidda sruoh-nam rep knat metsys rofrojam
g nsieniateilvci t eecdvcaninataantentenvi easrmip o s.lyarassecen gnimussA a 40 hour
krow ,keew sih tstseggus eno nosrep dluoc eganam 7 ot 9 knat sme tesgyasreva( fo 3.4ot
3.5 sruoh-nam rep knat metsys rep .)keew ecniS yn asmnoitarepo no a mraf eriuqerowt
ezimix a omstrenwo/seeyolp meemit-ll uof wgtnimus sdaengis e eddblu oyctilic a,afelpoep
robal .ycneiciffe ylruoH ro tcartnoc robal dluow eb deyolpme rof laiceps ,sksat.g.e
,gnitsevra h,gnilua h,gnissecorp .cte sihT neht senifed eht ezis rof eht cisabnoitcudorp
tinu desu ni eht tneserp sisylana sa a 61 knat .metsys emoS stnemtsujda nirobal
stnemeriuqer thgim eb dewolla gnidneped nopu eht knat ezis ruo( sisylana rof aipalit
. )seeyolp meemit-ll us4femus snaoitcudorp Losordo and namr e)t4s9e9W1( desu 8sruoh
rep yad ot eganam na th g yikteni alhtitciawf a yl e3t a%m 0 ik5yxnroae rtsfpropuan(eht
.)sisyla ntas or cundoie skun ar terpobal
.noi tn corus ediolortiraoPprmBoC mo rnfoitcudo rhps i,fyletami t lU e lvelarihuwtlucauqa
ot etepmoc htiw rehto ytidommoc staem hcus sa .yrtluop tI si evitcurtsni oterapmoc
detciderp stsoc fo noitcudorp rof hsif morf roodni dna roodtuo seitilicaf htiw esohtfo
.sreliorb reliorB noitcudorp atad si desab nopu tnecer ADSU scitsitats ,ADSU( ERS
6991 ,a ,b )c dna eht ’srohtua lanosrep egdelwonk deniag morf 02 sraey gnikrow nieht
.yrtsudni ASU r enloiiotrcbudor psi won desab nop u lnaociittarregv ehttniiw ehtreliorb
,dynradna bsseudhi v,ogrnp i. d rslreeni ehm wutmtreobcrahaafT rf gt ennrhioetecwborg
syap eht ytirojam fo eht .seitilitu roF eseht secivres eht remraf si diapyletamixorppa
90.0$ ot 11.0$ rep gk fo reliorb .decudorp ,suhT lla stsoc detaicossa htiwgnidliub
,pihsre nnwooitaicerped fo latipac ,tnempiuqe robal dna seitilitu cirtcele( dna retawdna
ylla rteunoebga %05 fo eht le ugfni t)asethsoc era enrob yb eh t.remraf yt ievhiTtcudorp
rep rekrow sah desaercni morf 000,59 gk fo sreliorb rep raey ni 1591 ttaW(,gnihsilbuP
193
)1591 ot 000,059 gk rep raey ni 1991 ,yrreP( .)1991 ralimiS stnemeveihca evahneeb
edam ni ,tnempiuqe ,gnisuoh dna noitirtun dna ;sciteneg htroN )4891( sedivorp na
evisne tnxoeitpircsed fo lla stecaf fo laicremmoc yrtluo p.noitcudorp tI si gnitseretniot
eton taht reliorb noitcudorp ni eht s’0591 saw dnuora 5 noillim gk rep .raey ehT
y tn ior vie titpfit pon csrmuefru’eu hoed0ks dltrlo5rnsn aair9ooiaytlop1wcroiretmbvis
ot eht tnerruc ytivitcudorp sdradnats fo eht ASU a iypratlsiutdn i7( noillim gk rep)raey
dna eht ytivitcudorp rep nosrep ni eht hsif gnimraf ssenisub si yletamixor p0p0a0,52ot
000,011 gk rep .raey erehT si suoivbo moor rof tnemevorpmi ni eht hsifnoitcudorp
.ssenisub
noi sss tudlcnusasieDR
ehT detciderp aipalit noitcudorp stsoc era nevig ni elbaT 4 dna era derapmoc oteht
noitc usdtosropc fo hsiftac dna rneoliitocrubdo rnpo a $ rep gk sisab dna sa aegatnecrep
fo latot .stsoc ,llarevO eht aipal intoitcudorp stsoc erew ylthgils rehgih naht ehthsiftac
noitcudorp ,stsoc 26.1$ rep gk susrev 65.1$ rep .gk ehT rojam tniop fo ehtnosirapmoc
rood nnie htwa h set4ilb a nTdiedivorp esl aar ca dslnei ocmaiit sc nasoriiptcud oarippalit
e hetgr ahrA,lsoSsioUdfd ntteoa uhpcsot tnsooi c tfecoru ado os.r lrpyaarleivm ilsaitinI
metsys stsoc rof aipalit dna hsiftac er a:rali m7i3s.1$( )aipalit dna 44.1$ )hsiftac( repgk
rep raey fo .noitcudorp esehT tnemtsevni stsoc era ylhguor 3 semit eht laitinilatipac
.ytica pnaocitcud orf ra orrpeg9eeyk4 pp .nf0oo$itcud orrepli o rrsobtfnemtsevni
g nn soir aimoowtrotca daufrn doi goomnrdoiptrtu fr odemevon nrisofagc tnrbioovbaasL
yramirp rotcaf taht evord eht yrtluop yrtsudni ot tnemenifnoc .gnisuoh sAdenoitnem
,reilrae eht robal ytivitcudorp rof roodni reliorb noitcudorp si ylhguor 8 semiterom
evitcudorp naht roodni aipalit hsif .gnimraf ,yletami trloUodni hsif noitcudorp sahowt
tcnitsi dsegatnavda revo yrtluo p:noitcudorp deef noisrev nyoccneiciffe dnaytivitcudorp
rep tinu aera fo .gnidliub reliorB noitcudorp sah deef noisrevnoc seicneiciffe fo
yletamixorppa 00.2 90.2( drib ,thgiew deef ot niag oitar no deef ygrene slevel fo071,3
gk/lac kdn anie tsolrepvel fo ,)%5 .e9l1ihw a ispnaoliistrevn oecra yltnerruc ni eht 3.1ot
5. 1egna rrof d eye gf srylele n ev.e0teg0a lk5mf/,iol2xaocr kppa e hyTlr ateayem output
2 2
rep tinu roolf aera morf eht aipalit metsys si 552m/gk derapmoc ot 221m/gk morfa
reliorb .esuoh ,suhT ten cim oyntoicveitcudorp rep raey morf a dexif aipalitnoitcudorp
ytilicaf dluoc eb ,rehgih neve hguoht eht stsoc fo noitcudorp rep tinu thgiew erarehgih
derapmo c o.tsreliorb eehgTatna vrdoaf nhos iistfmceutdsoyrsp si rie hrtleahigtinhetop
.ytilic adfex imafo rrfa ery enprut e freotar
Projected Costs of Production for aipaliT noit a.m reolfb nai r e e, rtdt seAinsihsiihtnotopc
elbaliava sa ot tahw na detcepxe tsoc fo aipalit noitcudorp dluoc eb rof egralelacs
.s rt a x5o0e eet1yrhn etdveotapici tdenlba usogcni vraos bdfa nolti ak dhsnwnaoitarepo
, serle loa iypF c ltnmseieliaaetrcilmxgatuwierrcdt aeeuyhlrbce %5 2ecno a daol fo005
Wk si .dehcaer s Ay l,sdueosisvuecrspi dew yam tcepx e srtonbeamleriu qoetr ecuderot
%05 fo eht tnerruc .elpmaxe cihportsataC hsif ecnarusni dluow on regnol ebdemeed
,yrass eeccennis eht remraf dluow nigeb ot . deemroucsenbi-fl es metsyS stsoc dluoweb
detcepxe ot ecuder yb %52 revo tnerruc stsoc eud ot stnemevorpmi dna stnemeniferni
re len i le onoebv5iirrairbaTga( n s enidco hespsts utadsb eo.tcscni gd eiemhsreTeptdsys
.)nosira p em f koronacois fadgeat sesirtl asnoocitcudorp
194
snoisulcnoC
aip anloiiTtcu dsorrapeppa ot eb evititepmoc no eht ytidommoc taem tekram nehwrobal
dna metsys t ssoecicneicif feera deyolpme rof a egral elacs roodni hsif .metsys tneceR
stnemevorpmi ni metsys stsoc dna robal dna metsys seicneici fdfeetaicossa htiwregral
knat sezis era eyllbeigsrnaol prsoefr s tenhetme v.os rsnpeimn iecviimtoin toecpemocA
nosirapmoc htiw hsiftac dnop noitcudorp ta a ralimis elacs fo noitcudorp dewohstaht
aip anloiittcudo rsptsoc erew yrev raen esoht fo hsiftac 26.1$( rep gk ai psaulsirt6e5v.1$
rep gk .)hsiftac ehT stsoc fo aipalit noitcudorp era llits yltnacifingis rehgihnaht
, nl oarii etc.lcrgiue.o dmer5omb6ro.pc0$ rep gk .rsorfelior b,r eev cesnwieohrHtefsfiid
yliramirp detubirtta ot ,tnempiuqe pihsrenwo dna robal stsoc hcihw era hcum erom
n on iatth nctreu eidnlcoiiirofprfbe aipalit production, $0.073 per kg versus $0.47 per kg.
ehT eviti teegpamtoncavda fo roodni aipalit noitcudorp si taht eht thgiew noitcudorprep
tinu aera fo gnidliub rep raey si yletamixorppa eciwt eht ytivitcudorp fo alaicremmoc
re leisourobh no a e vtih lgsiieswa bdna taht a i)phaslii ftes(rr aet tnerereiofvcmoniofcfe
.hsel fotn ideef
secnerefeR
muneeK , M.E. and J.E. pordlaW . 1988. csii ms noyd onlehioa sstcnfiicEaoafurtdn-aoimcrrpaf
.ippississiM lacinhceT nitelluB ,551 ippississ ilMarutlucirgA dna yrtseroF tnemirepxE,noitatS
ippis s,iestsaitMS SM.26793
odrosoL , T.M. dna .W.P namretseW gnireeni gd,nnceaimon o,cleacigo l so f ii.o.sb4y 9l 9an1nAa
sr ogtnciatfceff aeht tsoc fo h sniofitcudor pni gnitalucricer erutlucauqa .smetsys lanruoJ foeht
dlroW erutlucauqA .302-391 :,5y2tei coS
,htroN .O.M .4891 laicremmoC nekcihc noitcudorp launam dr3( .)noitide 017 ,.pp IVA
,.c n,Iynapm ogCnihsilbuP Westport, CT.
,yrreP .C .1 9rt9en1weompengaaMn anmo egr arlelio r.bmraf yrtl utosPegiD yluJ ,eussI pp-02
,gnihsil bt ut.Pa6W2 . L,AnamlluC
.ADSU .4991 erutl uncoaiutqaAutis dna kooltuo .troper ,21-SQA .hcraM hccirmaoensoecRE
.ADS U,noisivi Dscimonoc Eytidommo C,ecivreS
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ecivr ehScraes ecRimon o. cbE6 9. 9A1DSU .7 2n9itell ucBitsita t,Skoobra eyYrt l:u oP
ecivr ehScraes ecRimon o. ccE6 9. 9A1DSU .1 -U 3O,Pyramm ud Snnaoitcudo ryPrt l:u oP
.tgtnaiWhsilbu P .1591 rel i.gosnrciBiwtosrigtat s reli or re.BweonriGzagaM ,tgtnaiWhsilbuP
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195
elb.a1T
hs(if t rado cefssruetema rcaipmonocE Keenum and ,pordlaW )8891dna
anio.pisatilcsiuytdloarnpa
________________________________________________________________
catfish tilapia
-------------- --------------
deeF tsoc %,2n3i(e)tgokr/p$ $0.40 $0.40
Feed/gain ratio 2.00 1.40
, tthsgegivkerwaH 0.57 0.68
Fingerlings, $/fingerling $0.075 $0.060
Cumulative mortality, % 5 5
cirtcelE ,stsochWk/$ $0.085 $0.077
)g k,/t $snoecgyxO na $0.19
Depreciation (straight line, zero salvage; 7 sry ,tnempiuqe 02 sry )gdlb -- --
Interest on investment 11% 11%
Interest on operating capital
( d en,so )apg%sbun0ti5s % toflacoarteopto 10% emas
a
Repairs and maintenance (% of initial cost) ~5% 5%
Labor ($/man year include 35% fringe benefit rate)
1- manager $35,000 $47,000
1- foreman $26,000 $34,000
3- workers catfish and 2- tilapia $ 36,000 $ 33,000
llaetnonTosstrseopc $97,000 $114,000
Total land area, hectares 131.0 2.0
Land value, $/hectare $1,975 $2,500
Harvesting and hauling, $/kg $0.09 $0.09
__________________________________________________________________________
a
Keenum and Waldrop (1988) perform a very elaborate analysis of repairs and maintenance, but
from a simple practical approach, there is minimal difference from using 5% of the initial cost.
elb.a2T
dhettiawi csocsistasiretc amr eanthosciytscudorP m ert osaoyidspnailit .
________________________________________________________________
egzni iSfdoliub 1,780 m 2
tuowokrnGat 16 tank facility (7.6 m diameter x 1.4 m
0 0 )0p,Le0e6d
ylraetYsevrah 590,000 kg
Design parameters
yt is neD c ir0be0ut1ce/mgk
gnideeF etar sdneped( no hsif )ezis yd o %b o3%t2 srsyeaapmd
) n nioa i gesd/tredaeeervFenfo(c 1.40 kg/kg
nl eagtynxeom elppuS 0 d edfe e fgfro kenpegy xg4ok.
ycneicif fneoitpros bnae gy xO 75%
me t ksrrny eeaswptoP 9 Wk 3( spmup hcae 005,1 )ytica pmapcL
Fish target size 680 g
emu lmoe vt, se%fygosnah c rxee t yalw iaD 5%
e reuctnaerreepfmf eirTdof retaewgnahcxe 19.4°C
0U0T0B, 0 0,1 t /ls$eoucF 0.62
Building infiltration, air volumes/hr 2
_______________________________________________________________
196
elb.a3T
d ehttai iwsccoistssaire tl catatsrioapchacC .met seys suree rtaaiwpalit
________________________________________________________________
Growout tank: 63 m 3 (60,000 liter) $2,000
-3 3 Wkspmup $6,400
ne gdynxaOOC control units $2,500
2
Electronic controller $750
s)r2e(deeF $750
Sand retlifoib $4,000
tlianuudiv itrlds eanokpticnoatT $16,400
16 sttkusnooawCtorg $262,400
Quarantine hatchery /fingerling area (series of small tanks) $9,000
slktanstaootcT $271,400
Other Equipment
pukcaB rotareneg 2( @ 08)Wk $32,000
gn miertostyisnoM $10,000
Ice machine (2 ton unit) $4,000
de enFi bmdrenetagsuyas $16,000
met sgy nsit sev raH $8,000
Water heating system $8,000
et saW catchment unit $5,000
noitalimtentesVys $4,000
rseltl)ae2Ww( $8,000
Fish handling equipment $10,000
tnempi urqe ehltaOtotbuS $105,000
)d oniorietpa i sctt ens7rreo(apmCee pydliautqoET $376,400
gnidliuBstsoC
Quarantine area $14,400
eca pescif fd onyarot ar ob aL $6,000
gnidliuBecaps $259,840
moortse r/citpeS $4,000
)do inroeiptaic e s rr0tgpa2snee(oidyCd lliautbotbuS $284,240
dnaL stsoc non)(detaicerped $20,000
xelp m roto csftocceriD $660,640
) s%yt0cs2no(ecgnitnoC $132,128
deriu qsed rnluaftoT (equipment, building, land and contingency) $8 12,768
________________________________________________________________
197
elb.a4T
nosirapmoC fo ,aipalit hsiftac dna reliorb noitcudorp stsoc rof smraf htiw aylraey
hsif noitcudorp fo yletamixorppa 000,095gk ; stsoc nwohs no a rep tinu thgiewfo
noi tec gudadntoanrep cfroe plato ttsoc .yybrogetac

$ de cu d rsogetrkpsp oc t sl oa %CtfooT
tilapia catfish broiler tilapia catfish broiler
pihsr esntwsOoc)gk/$(
Depreciation 0.14 0.11 contract 8.6 7.1 --
Interest on investment 0.07 0.10 contract 4.3 6.4 --
Catastrophic fish insurance (3%) 0.07 -- contract 4.3 -- --
Liability insurance + land taxes 0.01 0.01 contract 0.6 0.6 --
latotbuS 0.29 0.22 0.05 17.9 % 14.1% 7.7%
)gk/ $s(ecivr essdo ofsgotsoC
deeF 0.55 0.81 0.39 34.0 51.9 60.0
Fingerlings (chicks) 0.10 0.14 0.09 6.2 9.0 13.9
negyxO 0.14 -- -- 8.6 -- --
latotbuS 0.79 0.95 0.48 48.8 % 60.9% 73.9%
Operating expenses ($/kg)
Chemicals -- 0.05 0.06 -- 3.2 9.2
Repairs & maintenance 0.07 0.04 -- 4.3 2.6 --
gnitaeHretaw 0.02 -- -- 1.2 -- --
Heating air 0.03 -- -- 1.9 -- --
Electric 0.16 -- -- 9.9 -- --
Other utilities -- 0.08 0.02 -- 5.1 3.1
Management labor + fringe 0.19 0.17 0.04 11.7 10.9 6.2
.csiM 0.01 -- -- 0.6 -- -
Interest on operating capital 0.06 0.05 -- 3.7 3.2 --
latotbuS 0.54 0.39 0.12 33.3 % 25.0% 18.5%
) gnko / il$tta(sct ouofcdToorp 1.62 1.56 0.65 100 % 100% 100%
_______________________________________________________________________
:etoN reliorB stsoc era nekorb nwod rof nosirapmoc desab nopu tcartnoc reworg
.rotarge tdrnneiaw onregew ts et nbsfoooictaco ldslntaanemyap
198
elb.a5T
Projected costs of n onie tvaciiugpdaolript detcepxe stnemevo rrpemvio eht txen 5sraey
compared to current production costs for .srelior blaicremmo cdn aaipalit

Tilapia detcejorP Broiler
Tilapia
---------------------------------------------
Ownership Costs, $/kg
icerpeD ation $ 0.14 $ 0.10
Interest on Investment $ 0.07 $ 0.05
Catastrophic Fish Insurance (3%) $ 0.08 --
latotbuS $ 0.29 $ 0.15 $ 0.05
)gk /s$e(civ rsedS osotGsoC
deeF $ 0.55 $ 0.42 $ 0.39
Fingerlings $ 0.10 $ 0.04 $ 0.09
negyxO $ 0.14 $ 0.09 --
latotbuS $0.79 $0.55 $0.48
Operating Expense
Chemicals -- -- $0.06
Repairs & Maintenance $ 0.07 $ 0.05 --
Heating Water $ 0.02 $ 0.01 --
Heating Air $ 0.03 $ 0.02 --
Electric $ 0.16 $ 0.10 --
Other Utilities -- -- $ 0 .02
Phone -- -- --
Management Labor + Fringe $ 0.19 $ 0.10 $ 0.04
.csiM $ 0.01 $ 0.01 --
Interest on operating capital $ 0.06 $ 0.01 --
latotbuS $0.54 $0.30 $0.12
) ngl okati/tst$oo c(TCfuodorP $1.62 $1.00 $0.65
______________________________________________________________________
199