Comparative Physiology, Natural Animal Models and Clinical Medicine: Insights into Clinical Medicine from Animal Adaptations

290 Pages·2007·1.58 MB·English

by  michael A. Singer

Comparative Physiology, Natural Animal Models
and Clinical Medicine
Insights into Clinical Medicine from Animal Adaptations
TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk
Comparative Physiology,
Natural Animal Models
and Clinical Medicine
Insights into Clinical Medicine
from Animal Adaptations
Michael A Singer
Faculty of Medicine, Queen’s University, Canada
Imperial College Press
ICP
Published by
Imperial College Press
57 Shelton Street
Covent Garden
London WC2H 9HE
Distributed by
World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224
USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601
UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY, NATURAL ANIMAL MODELS AND
CLINICAL MEDICINE
Insights into Clinical Medicine from Animal Adaptations
Copyright © 2007 by Imperial College Press
All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval
system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher.
For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright
Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to
photocopy is not required from the publisher.
ISBN-13978-1-86094-782-7
ISBN-101-86094-782-4
Typeset by Stallion Press
Email: [email protected]
Printed in Singapore.
JQuek - ComparativePhysiology.pmd 1 8/29/2007, 3:53 PM
June19,2007 b484 fm ComparativePhysiology,NaturalAnimalModelsandClinicalMedicine
Thisbookisdedicatedto
thelateHowardS.Frazier;
mentor,teacherandfriend.
v
June19,2007 b484 fm ComparativePhysiology,NaturalAnimalModelsandClinicalMedicine
TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk
June19,2007 b484 fm ComparativePhysiology,NaturalAnimalModelsandClinicalMedicine
Contents
Acknowledgements xi
Introduction xiii
Chapter1 DiabetesMellitus 1
Introduction 1
BloodGlucoseValuesinBirds 2
DoBirdsSufferAdverseConsequencesfromaHigh
BloodGlucoseConcentration 5
AnatomicandPhysiologicDesignFeatures 6
ConcludingRemarksandFutureResearch 26
References 31
Chapter2 ChronicRenalFailure 40
Introduction 40
MetabolicRateandRenalFunction 42
NitrogenandUreaMetabolismandProteinTurnover 44
AdditionalAspectsofRenalFailure 56
NaturalAnimalModel 57
BearandSmallMammalHibernators 64
ConcludingRemarksandFutureDirections 66
References 70
vii
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viii Contents
Chapter3 AtheroscleroticVascularDisease 78
Introduction 78
AtherosclerosisinMammals 79
BiologyoftheArterialSystem:Implicationsforthe
GenesisofAtherosclerosisinMammals 83
GenesisofAtheroscleroticLesions 88
NaturalAnimalModel:TheFish 89
FishCoronaryCirculation 90
FishCoronaryArteryThickenings 91
GenesisofFishLesions 94
BiomechanicalFactorsinFish 94
DietaryInfluencesandRoleofCholesterolinFish 96
BiologyoftheVascularSmoothMuscleinFish 99
ConcludingRemarks:WhatCanWeLearnFromthe
FishasaNaturalModel? 99
References 102
Chapter4 DisuseOsteoporosisandDisuseMuscleAtrophy 107
DisuseOsteoporosis 108
DisuseMuscleAtrophy 126
References 143
Chapter5 AmmoniaToxicity 149
AmmoniaToleranceandMetabolism 149
BrainAmmoniaMetabolism 157
GlutamatergicNeurons 159
Glutamate,aNeurotransmitterandthe
“Glutamate-Glutamine”Cycle 160
MechanismofAmmoniaNeurotoxicity 164
EffectsonBrainEnergyMetabolism 169
EffectsonGlutamatergicSynapses 171
AmmoniaandtheFishCentralNervousSystem 175
Summary 181
References 183
Chapter6 Hypoxia/Ischemia 190
CerebralBloodFlow:ItsRegulation 191
BrainEnergyMetabolism 195
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Contents ix
OxygenandOxygen/GlucoseDeprivationand
theBrain 199
NaturalAnimalModels 230
ConcludingRemarksandFutureDirections 245
References 254
Epilogue 261
References 266
Index 267