Table Of ContentComparative Paradiplomacy
Studying paradiplomacy comparatively, this book explains why and how sub-
state governments (SSGs) conduct their international relations (IR) with external
actors, and how federal authorities and local governments coordinate, or not, in
the definition and implementation of the national foreign policy.
Sub-state diplomacy plays an increasingly influential international role as
regions, federal states, provinces and cities seek to promote trade, investments,
cooperation and partnership on a range of issues. This raises interesting new
questions about the future of the state system. Schiavon conducts a comparative
study of paradiplomacy in 11 federal systems which are representative of all the
regions of the world, stages of economic development and degrees of consolida-
tion of their democratic institutions (Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil,
Canada, Germany, India, Mexico, Russia, South Africa and the United States).
Theauthorconstructsatypologytomeasureandexplainparadiplomacybasedon
domestic political institutions, especially constitutional provisions relating for-
eign affairs and the intergovernmental mechanisms for foreign policy decision
making and implementation.
This comparative, systematic and theoretically based analysis of paradiplo-
macy between and within countries will be of interest to scholars and students of
comparative politics, diplomacy, foreign policy, governance and federalism, as
well as practitioners of diplomacy and paradiplomacy around the world.
Dr.JorgeA.SchiavonisProfessorofInternationalRelationsattheInternational
Studies Department, Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas (CIDE).
Federalism Studies
Series Editor: Soren Dosenrode
The end of the Cold War profoundly altered the dynamics between and within
thevariousstatesinEuropeandtherestoftheworld,resultinginaresurgenceof
interest in the concept of federalism. This shift in balance has been further
fuelled by the increase in the number of conflicts arising from the disaffection of
thediverseethnic orreligiousminorities residingwithinthesestates(e.g.,Sudan,
Iraq).Globalization isforcinggovernments notonlyto worktogether,but alsoto
reconsider their internal roles as guarantors of economic growth, with regions
playing the major part. Federalism Studies offers academics a complete and in-
depth understanding of federalism and intergovernmental relations in historical,
theoretical and comparative contexts. Intended to be international and interdisci-
plinary in scope, the books in the series are designed to build a common
framework for the constructive analysis of federalism. Contributions are wel-
comeontopicswhichexplorefederalismasatheory;asapoliticalsystemandas
a form of conflict management.
For more information about this series, please visit:
www.routledge.com/Federalism-Studies/book-series/ASHSER1258
The Last Post-Cold War Socialist Federation
Ethnicity, Ideology and Democracy in Ethiopia
Semahagn Gashu Abebe
The Rise of Catalan Independence
Spain’s Territorial Crisis
Andrew Dowling
Federalism, Secession and International Recognition Regime
Iraqi Kurdistan
Edited by Alex Danilovich
Comparative Paradiplomacy
Jorge A. Schiavon
Comparative Paradiplomacy
Jorge A. Schiavon
Firstpublished2019
byRoutledge
2ParkSquare,MiltonPark,Abingdon,OxonOX144RN
andbyRoutledge
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RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninformabusiness
©2019JorgeA.Schiavon
TherightofJorgeA.Schiavontobeidentifiedasauthorofthisworkhas
beenassertedbyhiminaccordancewithsections77and78ofthe
Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988.
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedorreproduced
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withoutintenttoinfringe.
BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Schiavon,JorgeA.,author.
Title:Comparativeparadiplomacy/JorgeA.Schiavon.
Description:Abingdon,Oxon;NewYork,NY:Routledge,2019.|
Series:Federalismstudies|Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
Identifiers:LCCN2018032823|ISBN9781138540866(hardback)|
ISBN9781351012317(e-book)
Subjects:LCSH:Subnationalgovernments–Foreignrelations–Case
studies.|Mexico–Foreignrelations.
Classification:LCCJZ4059.S372019|DDC327.2–dc23
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2018032823
ISBN:978-1-138-54086-6(hbk)
ISBN:978-1-351-01231-7(ebk)
TypesetinTimesNewRoman
bySwales&WillisLtd
To Cris, Nat, Lu, Papo, Ma and Be.
This page intentionally left blank
Contents
Listofillustrations x
Listoftables xi
Author’sbiography xiii
Listofabbreviations xiv
Introduction 1
1 Paradiplomacy:concepts,definitions,questionsandhypotheses 5
1.1 Introduction 5
1.2 Conceptsanddefinitions 5
1.3 Questionsandhypotheses 12
1.4 Conclusions 17
2 Analyzingparadiplomacycomparativelyandtheoretically 19
2.1 Introduction 19
2.2 TheoriesandmethodologiesofIRtoexplainparadiplomacy
comparatively 20
2.3 Federalism 22
2.3.1 Theoriginsofthecentral-localdivisionofpower 22
2.3.2 Typesofthecentral-localdivisionofpower 23
2.4 Thecentral-localdivisionofpower:institutionalconfiguration
andpartisancomposition 25
2.5 Constitutionalpowersininternationalaffairsandparticipation
inforeignpolicy 26
2.6 Conclusions 30
3 Paradiplomacyaroundtheworld 34
3.1 Introduction 34
3.2 Inclusivecountries 34
3.2.1 Belgium 34
viii Contents
3.2.2 Germany 43
3.2.3 Canada 47
3.2.4 Australia 55
3.3 Complementarycountries 59
3.3.1 Argentina 59
3.3.2 Brazil 65
3.3.3 SouthAfrica 70
3.3.4 UnitedStatesofAmerica 76
3.4 Exclusivecountries 81
3.4.1 India 81
3.4.2 Russia 87
3.5 Conclusions 91
4 ParadiplomacyinMexico 99
4.1 Introduction 99
4.2 Internationalanddomesticfactors 99
4.3 Mexicanconstitutionalandinstitutionaldesign 100
4.4 ThelegalframeworkofMexicanparadiplomacy 106
4.5 MeasuringandclassifyingparadiplomacyinMexico 108
4.6 ComparativelyanalyzingparadiplomacyinMexico 118
4.6.1 Economicfactors:SSGincome 122
4.6.2 Politicalvariables:juxtaposedgovernment 127
4.6.3 Geography:borderlocation 132
4.7 Conclusions 135
5 Paradiplomacyandinternationalcooperationthrough
inter-institutionalagreements 138
5.1 Introduction 138
5.2 Measuringparadiplomacythroughinter-institutional
agreements 138
5.3 Increasinginter-institutionalagreementsintime 142
5.4 Partnersandregions 142
5.5 Areasofcooperation 148
5.6 Conclusions 149
6 ParadiplomacyinMexicothroughtheeyesoftheSSG
internationalagencies 150
6.1 Introduction 150
6.2 AskingtheSSGpublicofficialstheirperceptions 150
6.3 Institutionalorganizationandcapacities 151
6.4 Personnelandcapacities 153
Contents ix
6.5 Legalandinstitutionalframework 154
6.6 Internationalandcoordinationactivities 158
6.7 Domesticandinternationalpartners 162
6.8 Perceivedchallengesandstrategies 162
6.9 Professionalization,knowledgeandevaluationof
paradiplomacy 167
6.10 Conclusions 173
7 TheparadiplomacyofMexicoCity 175
7.1 Introduction 175
7.2 FromLópezObradortoEncinas 175
7.3 MinistriesandadministrativeunitsoftheFederalDistrict
ininternationalaffairs 177
7.4 Changeofadministration:changetoaninternationalist
vocation 179
7.5 Conclusions 191
Conclusions 193
References 201
Appendix 211
Index 218
