Table Of ContentProfessor Hermann Dexler (1866-1931). Photograph courtesy of Professor E. Frauchiger, Universitat Bern.
COMPARATIVE
N E U R O P A T H O L O GY
By
J. R. M. INNES and L. Z. SAUNDERS
With contributions bv
L. VAN BOGAERT W. J. HADLOW
R. FANKHAUSER K. V. JUBB
1962
ACADEMIC PRESS •
New York and London
ACADEMIC PRESS INC.
Ill FIFTH AVENUE
NEW YORK 3, NEW YORK
U.K. Edition, Published by
ACADEMIC PRESS INC. (LONDON) LTD.
17 OLD QUEEN STREET, LONDON, S.W.I.
Copyright © 1962 by Academic Press Inc.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
NO PART OF THIS BOOK MAY BE REPRODUCED IN ANY FORM, BY PHOTOSTAT, MICROFILM,
OR BY ANY OTHER MEANS, WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION FROM THE PUBLISHERS
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 60-9070
Printed in Great Britain by W. S. Cowell Ltd, Ipswich, Suffolk
This book is dedicated to
WILLIAM FREDERIC HARVEY
(1873—1948)
HUBERT MAITLAND TURNBULL
(1875—1955)
PETER OLAFSON
Authors and Contributors
LUDO VAN BOGAERT, M.D. Director, Institut Bunge, Antwerp, Belgium
Veterinar-medizinische Fakultat, Universitat Bern,
R. FANKHAUSER, DR. MED. VET. Switzerland
Present address: National Institutes of Health, Rocky
W. J. HADLOW, D.V.M. Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, Montana
JAMES ROBERT MAITLAND INNES, SC.D.(CANTAB), Pathologist, Biology Department, Brookhaven National
D.SC.(EDIN), PH.D.(CANTAB), M.R.C.V.S., F.R.S.E. Laboratory, Upton, New York. Formerly—Chief of
Pathology Branch, Medical Laboratories, Army Chemi-
cal Center, Edgewood, Maryland; Special Research
Fellow, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda,
Maryland; Head of Subdivision of Pathology, Imperial
Chemical Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Manchester, England;
Institute of Animal Pathology, Cambridge University;
Rockefeller Foundation Fellow, Institute of Pathology,
Universities of Munich and Freiburg, Germany
K. V. JUBB, B.V.SC, PH.D. Department of Pathology, Ontario Veterinary College,
Guelph, Ontario, Canada
L. Z. SAUNDERS, D.V.M. Pathology and Toxicology Section, Smith Kline &
French Laboratories, and School of Veterinary Medicine,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
A*
Preface
The book is an outgrowth of a review written for more often adopted in pathology, and veterinarians
Advances in Veterinary Science in 1957. Over the must contribute equally with medical workers. No
years our beliefs have been enhanced that compara- veterinary pathologist, on the other hand, can give
tive neuropathology has come into its own as a tongue to any statement on an animal disease, which
science and as part of veterinary pathology at large, on serious reflection must not immediately be recon-
and that to document its achievements a book in ciled with prevailing views on some analogous human
English was required. This conviction has been disorder. This outlook has been promulgated by us
bolstered by much correspondence with veterinary for years; it is mirrored in many chapters in the book
and medical workers all over the world, many of without at any time attempting to assume the mantle
whom had sent us material for study and advice, and of medical neuropathologists.
much of which forms the basis for this book. While we are not deaf to those who plead for
Our aim in producing a fully documented account emphasis on practical problems, we are more in-
of neurologic diseases in animals is stated in the terested in neuropathology as an intellectually chal-
Introduction, Part 1. It was to provide, in English, a lenging science than as a field full of pressing disease
comprehensive text for veterinary pathologists in problems crying out for solution so that they can be
particular, and for all others who must use animals controlled. For this admittedly dilettante attitude we
for experimental study in any way connected with the make no apology, but obviously it dictates a broader
nervous system. Further—on reflecting back to our view—one which includes human pathology—than
own earlier days when struggling to find data on the we would need if we were trying solely to make
neuropathology of animals—we felt the need for a animal husbandry yield greater profits by reducing
book that would provide sufficient information so that mortality from disease. The latter end will probably
the reader would not have to hasten immediately to be served better in the long run by those who pursue
other sources. As we have reiterated a number of research on disease problems of their own choice for
times, our whole approach has been that of general no reason except that they enjoy it, than by those
pathologists interested in the nervous system as an who work on projects solely because they have been
organ. Our own leanings in pathology are well sum- told they are important.
marized in the quotation from that great British Each chapter is a chapter unto itself, and the order
neurologist Hughling Jackson, "The study of things in which they have been arranged is somewhat
caused must precede the study of the causes of arbitrary. Except in two of the contributed chapters,
things". There are still a large number of people we have seldom mentioned the magnifications in the
(veterinarians and others) who think that disease legends to the illustrations, because we do not believe
problems can be solved by microbe-hunting for that this item deserves the traditional insistence
causes. accorded it by some journals. Most microscopists
A medical pathologist can go through life and recognize very low, low, moderately high, and very
contribute greatly to knowledge of human diseases high magnifications which is all that matters, unless
and he need know nothing, nor mention anything in exact comparison of size is necessary. If no stain is
his papers, concerning relevant facts about diseases mentioned in a legend, it can be assumed that it was
of dogs, cows, elephants, or mice (whether he deals hemat oxylin-eosin.
with tuberculosis, nephritis, cancer, or encephalitis), With the large number of references quoted, it is
unless he is involved in experimental fields. This is inconceivable that some errors have not crept in,
the usual situation in the literature of medical patho- mainly through the repeated typings of the manu-
logy, going back to Virchow's time; and let us face script. Having been irritated many times by the
facts, it is not detrimental to the medical authors' frustration in seeking articles which have been care-
main subject, object, or project on diseases of man. lessly cited, we have tried to be meticulous in this
Nevertheless, in all truth it would be surely beneficial direction ourselves. All references quoted in the text
if a long-sighted, sagacious, comparative view were are given in the bibliographies, but the latter may
xi
xii PREFACE
contain additional ones. This is especially true of The junior author is deeply indebted to him for
papers published in 1959 and 1960. Lest the reader training and inspiration, as are a number of other of
thinks that these have been ignored in our discussion, his students—Barber, Cordy, Kennedy, McEntee,
they were inserted to add to the value of the book. Monlux, Jubb, D. L. T. Smith—whose works are
The scientists named in the Dedication require cited in this book. When viewed in the light not only
little introduction. H. M. Turnbull was Professor of of his personal contributions, but of those of his
Pathology, London Hospital Medical School, London students, in whom he has inspired a zeal for and a
for over 40 years and his reputation stands at the love of pathology, Peter Olafson though (like our-
pinnacle of British pathology for his era. Colonel selves) a general pathologist, deserves much credit
W. F. Harvey, after retirement from the Indian Army for the status of veterinary neuropathology in
Medical Service, was pathologist at the Royal College America to-day.
of Physicians Laboratory, Edinburgh, for over 20 It is perhaps fitting that the preface should be con-
years, and the senior author was associated with him cluded by a quotation from Charcot—written 78 years
at intervals during that period. Others have written ago.
about their contributions to human pathology. Both "In the field of neuropathology, we need not fear
men shared a quality of high appreciation of the any danger of being drawn into a narrow groove of
potential value of studies of animal disease, and both overspecialization, because neuropathology is becom-
men were an inspiration and a never failing source of ing today one of the broadest disciplines now in
advice to the senior author, at a time when veterinary existence. It is the one that is growing the most rapidly,
pathology was in the doldrums in England. Without and the one which requires the most general know-
their help, it is doubtful if the senior author would ledge of those who wish to engage in it and cultivate
have continued to study veterinary pathology at all. it. It is logical, therefore, that neuropathology, which
Peter Olafson has occupied the chair of veterinary in the future must exact such an effort on the part of
pathology at Cornell University for over 30 years. those who wish to master it, should now claim in its
Influenced by his training in veterinary pathology turn an autonomy among the other specialized medi-
under Karl Nieberle in Germany, and in neuro- cal disciplines, which like it, by force of circumstance,
pathology under Percival Bailey, he was the first were weaned from the breast of general medicine."
veterinary pathologist in America to systematically [Charcot in 1882—see Guillain on "J.-M. Charcot,
collect and study specimens of neurologic disease in his Life and his Work", translated by Pearce Bailey>
animals on a large scale. He has made notable contri- page 80, Springfield, Charles C Thomas, 1959.]
butions, often pioneer ones, to nutritional myopathy,
brain tumors, peripheral nerve tumors, listeriosis, j. R. M. I.
toxoplasmosis, wobbles, and cerebral nematodiasis. July, 1961 L. z. s.
Acknowledgments
One of us (J.R.M.I.) has an obligation to pay tri- generous allotment of time to the junior author.
bute to the late Professor O. Charnock Bradley, of the Those readers who are perhaps weary of wincing
Royal Dick Veterinary College, Edinburgh, who was at the muddy photographs which too often "adorn"
a noted comparative anatomist in his day (the early scientific papers will know that photomicrographs of
twentieth century) and was the Goodsir Lecturer good caliber do not just happen. We are thus pleased
in Comparative Anatomy in the University. One's to express our deep appreciation to Mr. R. F. Smith,
interest in morphological knowledge undoubtedly Photography Division, Brookhaven National Labora-
arose from the many lessons learned as a student in tory, and we are proud of the standard of illustrations
his laboratories of anatomy and histology. Similarly, produced by him. The line and halftone drawings are
years later, when assistance was required to accom- the work of Mr. G. Cox, Mrs. Marion Childress, and
plish any studies of neurologic conditions of animals, Miss Lainey Patterson of the Illustration Division at
there are pleasant recollections of the very generous Brookhaven. We have been privileged indeed to have
and liberal help, and advice on neuroanatomy given enjoyed the collaboration of these talented and
by Dr. H. A. Harris, who was at that time Professor of devoted artists. Thanks are due also for photo-
Anatomy, Medical School, University of Cambridge. micrographs made for one of us by Mr. John Cuculis,
One of us (L.Z.S.) owes a great debt of gratitude Pathology Branch, Medical Laboratories, Army
to the late Dr. James W. Papez, Professor of Anatomy Chemical Center, Maryland. Some of the older
at Cornell University, for his inspiring teaching of photographs were taken by Mr. W. Smith, Institute of
neuroanatomy and for the many hours he spent in Animal Pathology, Cambridge University, more than
localizing lesions in brains and correlating them with 20 years ago.
the clinical signs. Although he was past retirement In neuropathology much more than in general
age at the time in question (1949-1951), his interest, pathology, a great variety of techniques are necessary
zeal, and energy never flagged; he remained an active to produce adequate histologic material for study. So,
teacher while a successor was being sought. In the over the very many years (combined in the total
midst of his own research, he was never too busy to experience and work of both of us) we can never be
examine pathologic material and even clinical cases of unmindful of the many histologic technicians who
neurologic disease when requested. His erudition in have served us in this direction. Without their help,
the neuroanatomy of all the domestic animals was a no work would have been possible. We would then
mantle he wore lightly, but it left a lasting impression here single out Mr. H. Cox, R. King, A. B. Hallam
nevertheless. (of England), Messrs. W. R. Reed, W. Rawlings, J. A.
Acknowledgment to the source of material is made Woodard, George Lee, and Miss Virginia Reveal of
in the legends to the illustrations. We single out some the National Institute of Health, Bethesda, and Mr.
individuals who have contributed greatly: Dr. Peter John Cuculis, Mr. Jack Miller, Miss Beatrice Jones
Olafson, Cornell University, Ithaca; Mr. W. J. of the Medical Laboratories, Army Chemical Center.
Hartley, M.R.C.V.S., Wallaceville Animal Disease In a work of this chronologic scope, going back to
Research Station, New Zealand; Dr. LaddN. Loomis, the beginning of comparative neuropathology, we
Dept. of Pathology, Veterinary School, University of were bound to encounter bibliographic problems.
Sydney, Australia. Thanks are due to Messrs. M. Crawford, M.R.C.V.S.,
Both of us in turn, as members of the Staff of the and R. Mack, M.R.C.V.S. (Director and Assistant
Biology Department, Brookhaven National Labora- Director, Commonwealth Bureau of Animal Health,
tory, are beholden to Dr. Howard J. Curtis, Chairman England) for obtaining various hard-to-find items,
of the Department for his encouragement and allow- which they loaned or quoted to us, and for checking
ing us to devote so much time to the preparation of references. Mrs. Marilyn Galli of the Brookhaven
the book. Dr. H. L. Tuthill, Head of the General Research Library has cheerfully located and obtained
Laboratories Department at Smith Kline & French innumerable obscure but valuable books, journals,
Laboratories has provided encouragement and a and photocopies for us, without which there would
xiii
xiv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
have been gaps in our accounts of the various diseases. many times even to remember details, except that
Mr. V. Rimsky-Korsakoff of the same library aided it was encouraging to know there were sources of
us in the translation of Russian literature, by his advice and knowledge on comparative aspects. In
knowledge of biology, as well as of the Russian particular, we would mention Dr. Webb Haymaker,
language. Mrs. Geraldine Mclnnes (one time of the Head of Registry of Neuropathology, Armed Forces
National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Institute of Pathology, Washington, D.C; Dr.
Blindness, Bethesda, Maryland) helped in the literal Richard Lindenberg, Head of Neuropathology, Mary-
translation of parts of manuscripts in French and land State Medical Examiners Office, Baltimore; Dr.
dealing with Chapter IV). Mr. Oliver Shipley, of the Fred Mettler, Professor of Neurology, Columbia
U.S. Department of Agriculture Library, Washing- University, College of Physicians and Surgeons.
ton, D.C. has also rendered invaluable bibliographic Grateful acknowledgment is made to the National
assistance. Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness for
There are other medical neuropathologists, who the grant in aid of publication.
through the years have helped and assisted us far too
CHAPTER I
Neuropathology
Part A. Introduction latter entity has an existence of its own. To those
interested in nosography, there is a stimulating, pro-
In the English language, there is no monograph on vocative article by Sir Francis Walshe (1956), "The
general veterinary neurology, but there is one by Nature and Dimension of Nosography in Modern
McGrath on the canine aspects. The literature on Medicine." To paraphrase, nosography is the root of
animal neurologic diseases is dispersed in journals medicine on which all else must be grafted and by
catering to veterinary work and the ancillary medical which the grafts become fruitful. Describing and
sciences—anatomy, physiology, pathology, neuro- classifying disease categories betokens a search for
pathology, and experimental and clinical medicine. causes, and thereafter for control of diseases in man
For readers of German, the monograph on compara- and animals. Classification is consequently only a
tive neuropathology by Scherer is excellent, but more means to a practical outcome.
than half of it concerns apes and monkeys, and the There are numerous parts of disease description—
part on domesticated animals suffers by comparison. clinical, physiologic, chemical, and pathologic—all
The books in German by Frauchiger and Hofmann leading to total description, but few human and ani-
on the cow, by Frauchiger and Fankhauser on the dog, mal diseases have been totally described. In the
by Frauchiger and Fankhauser (1957) on comparative seventeenth century classification was based on
neuropathology, the chapter by Cohrs, and the re- symptoms and signs, early in the nineteenth century
views by Michalka and by Fankhauser and Wyler on it became clinicopathologic, and now etiology and
nervous diseases of pigs are all good reference sources disordered function come into the picture. There is
—for readers of German. A book on neurologic now no lack of voluminous texts in English on medical
diseases of horses was, however, written by Dexler as neurology, among which are Kinnier Wilson (1940,
long ago as 1899; he was the pioneer veterinarian in first edition; 1954, second edition); Brain; Brain and
this field, not long after the establishment of modern Strauss; Baker; Walshe; and Haymaker; in these the
medical neurology. A book on veterinary neuropatho- emphasis is on the clinical aspects. An inspired
logy was written by Aruch in 1900 and reached a example of clinical lecturing in neurology is the
second edition in Italy in 1914. It seems to be a good oratorical exposition by Parker. In medical neuro-
compilation of knowledge at that time which appar- pathology there are available well-illustrated books in
ently was unable to penetrate the language barrier— English—Buzzard and Greenfield; Biggart; Cour-
its impact on the English-speaking world may per- ville; Hassin; Wertham and Wertham; Lichtenstein;
haps be judged from the fact that when examined by Hicks and Warren; Scheinker; Weil; Dublin;
us at the National Library of Medicine in 1958 its Malamud; and Greenfield et al.\ all these have dif-
pages were still uncut! The Handbuch of systemic ferent merits according to various neuropathologists.
pathology by Joest is more voluminous than Cohrs Readers of German may turn to Spielmeyer and the
and cites many of the older references. monumental editions of Lubarsch and Henke (1955-
Medical workers have an advantage in that more is 1958).
known about the human nervous system than that of The reasons for the abundance of good medical
the lower animals, and in all aspects—anatomic, literature on neurology are obvious. Neurologic dis-
physiologic, embryologic, histologic, pathologic, and orders are of supreme importance in human medicine,
clinical. There has been evolved an orderly classifica- because of the value attached to human life. For the
tion of human diseases with a never-ending scope for economic preservation of animal health, it is the
research. Classification is not, however, an end to common infectious epizootic and enzootic diseases
itself, and merely giving a "thing" a name does not (mostly not of the central nervous system) that are
portend a solution to a disease problem, or that the important; in the case of neurologic conditions of
1
