Comparative Government and Politics, 6th Edition (Comparative Government & Polit)

368 Pages·2004·1.79 MB·English

by  Rod Hague

Comparative Government
and Politics
An Introduction
6th Edition
Rod Hague and Martin Harrop
Comparative Government and Politics

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text at:
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COMPARATIVE GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
Founding Series Editor: The late Vincent Wright
Published
Rudy Andeweg and Galen A. Irwin
Government and Politics of the Netherlands
Nigel Bowles
Government and Politics of the United States (2nd edition)
Paul Brooker
Non-Democratic Regimes: Theory, Government and Politics
Robert Elgie
Political Leadership in Liberal Democracies
Rod Hague and Martin Harrop
Comparative Government and Politics (6th edition)
Paul Heywood
The Government and Politics of Spain
B. Guy Peters
Comparative Politics: Theories and Methods
[Rights: World excluding North America]
Tony Saich
Governance and Politics of China (2nd edition)
Anne Stevens
The Government and Politics of France (3rd edition)
Ramesh Thakur
The Government and Politics of India
Forthcoming
Judy Batt
Government and Politics in Eastern Europe

Robert Leonardi
Government and Politics in Italy
Comparative Government and Politics
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Comparative Government
and Politics
An Introduction
6th Edition
Rod Hague
and
Martin Harrop
© Rod Hague and Martin Harrop 1982, 1987, 2001, 2004
© Rod Hague, Martin Harrop and Shaun Breslin 1992, 1998
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication
may be made without written permission.
No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save
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work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
First edition 1982
Second edition 1987
Third edition 1992
Fourth edition 1998
Fifth edition 2001
Sixth edition 2004
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Summary of Contents
PART I Foundations
1 Politics and government 1
2 The state in a global context 17
3 Democracy 35
4 Authoritarian rule 51
5 The comparative approach 69
PART II Politics and society
6 Political culture 89
7 Political communication 105
8 Political participation 122
PART III Linking society and government
9 Elections and voters 145
10 Interest groups 166
11 Political parties 185
PART IV Government and policy
12 Constitutions and the legal framework 209
13 Federal, unitary and local government 228
14 Legislatures 247
15 The political executive 268
16 The bureaucracy 290
17 The policy process 309

v
Contents
List of illustrative material viii Comparing institutions, societies and states 75
Preface x Techniques of comparison 79
Key reading 85
PART I Foundations
PART II Politics and society
1 Politics and government
Politics 3 6 Political culture
Government 4 The civic culture 89
Governance 6 Political trust and social capital 90
The state and sovereignty 7 Postmaterialism 93
Nations and nationalism 8 Political culture in new democracies 95
Nations and states 10 Political culture in authoritarian states 96
Power 12 Elite political culture 98
Authority 13 Political socialization 100
Legitimacy 15 Islam and the West 102
Key reading 16 Key reading 104
2 The state in a global context 7 Political communication
How the state emerged 17 Development of the mass media 106
The Western state 19 The media: contemporary trends 108
The post-colonial state 21 The media in established democracies 112
The state and international organizations 25 The media in new democracies 115
The state in the global economy 30 Public opinion 116
Key reading 34 The media in authoritarian states 119
Key reading 121
3 Democracy
Direct democracy 36 8 Political participation
Representative and liberal democrac y 38 Participation in established democracies 122
Waves of democratization 39 Participation in new democracies 124
New democracies 43 Social movements 127
Semi-democracy 46 Participation in authoritarian states 131
Key reading 49 Political violence and terror 134
Revolution 136
4 Authoritarian rule Key reading 141
Traditional authoritarian rule 51
Communist, fascist and military rule 53
The Arab and Muslim worlds 62 PART III Linking society and
China in transition 66 government
Key reading 68
9 Elections and voters
5 The comparative approach Scope and franchise
Why compare? 69 Electoral systems: legislatures 146
The risks of comparison 71 Electoral systems: presidents 154
vi
CONTENTS vii
Voting behaviour 156 Unitary government 236
Turnout 159 Local government 239
Referendums 160 Subnational government in new
Elections in new democracies 163 democracies 244
Elections in authoritarian states 164 Subnational government in authoritarian
Key reading 165 states 245
Key reading 246
10 Interest groups
Classifying interest groups 167 14 Legislatures
Channels of access 169 Structure 248
Iron triangles and issue networks 172 Functions 252
Conditions of influence 175 Recruitment 259
Pluralism and corporatism 177 Legislatures in new democracies 263
Interest groups in new democracies 181 Legislatures in authoritarian states 264
Interest groups in authoritarian states 182 Key reading 267
Key reading 184
15 The political executive
11 Political parties Presidential government 268
Party organization 186 Parliamentary government 274
Selecting candidates and leaders 189 Semi-presidential government 281
Membership and finance 191 The executive in new democracies 284
The social base 193 The executive in authoritarian states 285
Party systems 194 Key reading 289
Parties in new democracies 200
Parties in authoritarian states 201 16 The bureaucracy
Key reading 205 Evolution 291
Recruitment 292
Organization 293
PART IV Government and policy Accountability 299
New public management 301
12 Constitutions and the legal framework Bureaucracy in new democracies 303
Constitutions 210 Bureaucracy in authoritarian states 304
Judicial review and constitutional courts 212 Key reading 307
Judicial activism, independence and
recruitment 216 17 The policy process
Administrative law 221 Stages of the policy process 309
Law in new democracies 223 Public policy in established democracies 315
Law in authoritarian states 224 Public policy in new democracies 319
International law 225 Public policy in authoritarian states 322
Key reading 227 Key reading 324
13 Federal, unitary and local government
Federalism 228 Appendix: list of boxes 325
Federal-state relations 231 References 326
Assessing federalism 235 Index 348
List of illustrative material
Maps 11.1 Falling party membership in some
Map of the world xii European democracies, 1960–99 192
4.1 Post-communist Eastern Europe and 13.1 Some federations in established
Central Asia 55 democracies 230
4.2 Asia and the Middle East 65 13.2 Subnational government in unitary
10.1 The European Union 173 states: some European examples 238
13.3 Average population of elected local
authorities in some European
Tables democracies 241
3.1 The British electorate as a percentage 14.1 Selection to the upper chamber in
of the adult population, 1831–1931 42 some established democracies 250
4.1 Post-communist states in Eastern 14.2 Average length of service in national
Europe and the former Soviet Union 54 parliaments 263
4.2 Islam and democracy, 2001 62 16.1 The structure of Germany’s Ministry
6.1 Confidence in political institutions, of Economics and Labour 296
2001 92 17.1 Introduction of social insurance to
7.1 The development of communication some democracies 316
media 107 17.2 Case-by-case privatization in the
7.2 Countries in which a majority of United Kingdom, 1980s 319
people use the internet, 2002/03 109
7.3 Time taken for new media to reach
50 million households in the USA 111 Figures
7.4 Countries ranked by press freedom, 1.1 Number of states belonging to the
2001/02 116 United Nations, 1949–2002 8
8.1 Female representation in national 2.1 Number of intergovernmental
legislatures, 1950s–2000s 125 organizations, 1909–97 26
8.2 The ten larger demonstrations against 3.1 The direct democracy of ancient Athens 37
the Iraq War, by city, 15–16 February 3.2 Liberal democracy: the separation of
2003 130 powers in the United States 41
8.3 World Trade Center fatalities by 4.1 The ending of military rule in Latin
nationality, September 11, 2001 135 America 60
8.4 The ten most lethal governments, 5.1 Easton’s model of the political system 77
1900–87 136 5.2 Population and assembly size 83
9.1 The Canadian elections of 1993 and 6.1 Almond and Verba’s theory of the
2000 150 civic culture 90
9.2 Explicit thresholds of representation in 6.2 Americans’ trust in the ‘government in
some PR systems 152 Washington’, 1964–2002 91
9.3 How the additional member system 6.3 How elite political culture affects
works: Germany, 2002 153 political stability 99
9.4 Declining turnout at national elections, 6.4 Political learning and participation
1950s–1990s 159 across the life cycle 101
9.5 Turnout in some countries with 7.1 The transmission model of political
compulsory voting 161 communication 105
viii
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIVE MATERIAL ix
8.1 Patterns of participation in democracies 123 The political significance of the internet 111
8.2 The J-curve theory of revolutions 138 Bowling alone 126
9.1 Methods for selecting presidents 155 Compulsory voting 161
10.1 A peak association: Britain’s CBI 169 Is the USA a pluralist political system? 179
10.2 Channels of interest group influence 169 Parties as vote-maximizers 197
10.3 Iron triangles: how subgovernments A political role for the judiciary 219
operated in the USA 174 A federalEurope? 237
11.1 A bell-shaped distribution: parties The decline of legislatures? 265
converge at the centre 196 Presidential government for a new
11.2 Organization of the Chinese democracy 273
Communist Party 204 A representative bureaucracy? 295
12.1 Establishing constitutional courts in
Western Europe 215
12.2 Levels of judicial activism in selected Profiles
democracies 218 The world 24
12.3 Administrative courts in France 222 Mexico 45
14.1 Population and assembly size 248 Nigeria 61
14.2 Typical steps in making a law 256 Germany 94
15.1 Presidential government 269 Russia 128
15.2 Parliamentary government 274 The United States 147
15.3 Formateursand coalition governments 277 The European Union 176
15.4 Semi-presidential government 282 Italy 198
15.5 Typical executive structure in South Africa 213
communist states 287 Canada 232
16.1 Delimiting the bureaucracy 290 United Kingdom 261
16.2 Founding of cabinet-level departments France 283
in the USA 294 Japan 305
17.1 Stages of the policy process 309
50 years of
Debates The European Union 29
State sovereignty or humanitarian The European Court of Justice 217
intervention? 31 The European Parliament 255
‘Asian democracy’ 48
Authoritarian rule as a recipe for economic Boxes
development 57 A full list of boxes is provided in the Appendix.