Communication of Smart Media

148 Pages·2020·2.644 MB·English

by  Peng Duan, Lei Zhang, Kai Song, Xiao Han

Peng Duan
Lei Zhang
Kai Song
Xiao Han
Communication
of Smart Media
Communication of Smart Media
· · ·
Peng Duan Lei Zhang Kai Song Xiao Han
Communication of Smart
Media
PengDuan LeiZhang
CommunicationUniversityofChina CommunicationUniversityofChina
Beijing,China Beijing,China
KaiSong XiaoHan
CommunicationUniversityofChina CommunicationUniversityofChina
Beijing,China Beijing,China
ISBN978-981-15-9463-2 ISBN978-981-15-9464-9 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9464-9
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Contents
1 Media’sRoleintheAIEra? ..................................... 1
1.1 HistoryofHumanCommunication ............................ 1
1.1.1 ChangesinMediaOvertheYears ...................... 1
1.1.2 OriginofTechnology ................................. 12
1.2 WhatIsSmartMedia? ...................................... 21
1.2.1 UnderstandingAI .................................... 21
1.2.2 CommunicationBecomesIntelligent .................... 25
1.3 EntertheEraofSmartMediaCommunication .................. 28
2 DifferencesinSmartMediaCommunication ...................... 31
2.1 NewFeaturesofSmartMediaCommunication ................. 31
2.1.1 All-EmbracingMedia,All-InclusiveConnection .......... 31
2.1.2 Human–Machine Interaction, Human–Machine
Integration .......................................... 34
2.1.3 PublicastheParticipantandPublicastheMedia ......... 37
2.2 NewSpaceandTimeinSmartMediaCommunication ........... 40
2.2.1 TimeDisorderandFragmentation ...................... 40
2.2.2 SpaceMobilityandContextualization ................... 43
2.3 SmartMediaCommunicationMyths .......................... 46
2.3.1 SmartVersusHuman ................................. 46
2.3.2 ReasonVersusEmotion ............................... 48
2.3.3 VirtualVersusReal ................................... 50
2.3.4 TechnologyEvolutionVersusMorality .................. 52
2.4 NewProspectsofSmartMediaCommunication ................ 54
3 VR—TheVanguardofSmartMediaCommunication .............. 57
3.1 Concept,FeaturesandHistoricalOriginofVR .................. 57
3.1.1 ConceptofVR ...................................... 57
3.1.2 HistoricalOriginofVR ............................... 58
3.1.3 FeaturesofVR ...................................... 60
v
vi Contents
3.2 Practical Application and Characteristics of Immersive
Communication ............................................ 61
3.2.1 VR+SmartLife .................................... 62
3.2.2 VR+Fashion ....................................... 64
3.2.3 VR+FutureImages ................................. 65
4 Intelligent News—The Backbone of Smart Media
Communication ................................................ 69
4.1 IntelligentTrendsintheNewsIndustry ........................ 69
4.2 ChangesinNewsBroughtbySmartTechnology ................ 71
4.2.1 SmartNewsAggregation .............................. 71
4.2.2 SmartNewsProduction ............................... 73
4.2.3 SmartNewsDistribution .............................. 75
4.2.4 SmartNewsConsumption ............................. 77
4.3 ReflectionsProspectsofSmartNews .......................... 80
5 SocialNetwork—TheCoreofSmartMediaCommunication ....... 83
5.1 EntertheEraofSocialIntelligence ........................... 83
5.1.1 FromPublicSocietytoPrivateSociety .................. 83
5.1.2 FromSixDegreesofSeparationtoSmartSociety ......... 85
5.1.3 FromInterpersonalInteractiontoHuman–Machine
Interaction .......................................... 88
5.2 UbiquitousSmartCommunities .............................. 91
5.2.1 VoicesasaSmartGateway ............................ 91
5.2.2 UbiquitousSmartConnection .......................... 92
5.2.3 BewareofSocialBots ................................ 94
5.3 NewSocialNetworkEcosystemintheSmartEra ............... 97
6 PlatformSociety—TheTrendofSmartMediaCommunication ..... 101
6.1 NewSmartMechanismofPlatformSociety .................... 101
6.1.1 Datafication ......................................... 101
6.1.2 Commercialization ................................... 104
6.1.3 Selection ........................................... 106
6.2 SmartPlatformEcosystemApplications ....................... 108
6.2.1 SmartyCityandCityImageCommunication ............. 108
6.2.2 SmartHealthcareandHealthCommunication ............ 111
6.2.3 SmartEducationandEducationCommunication .......... 113
6.3 TheAdventofSmartSociety ................................. 115
7 ThePushby5G ................................................ 119
7.1 DisruptiveCommunicationinthe5GEra ...................... 119
7.1.1 FromFullSpaceandTimetoFullMedia ................ 119
7.1.2 FromFullConnectiontoAllPersonalMedia ............. 122
7.1.3 FromFull-FeatureCommunicationtoFull-Effect
Media .............................................. 124
Contents vii
7.2 Financial Media Development in the Context of 5G
Intelligence ................................................ 127
7.2.1 RefactoringtheInformationSystem .................... 127
7.2.2 ReconstructingtheUserPlatform ...................... 130
7.2.3 ReshapingtheMediaIndustry ......................... 133
8 ReflectionandFutureofSmartMediaCommunication ............ 137
8.1 TheFutureofSmartMediaEra ............................... 137
8.2 AVisionof5GIntelligentMediaCommunication ............... 139
References ........................................................ 143
Chapter 1
Media’s Role in the AI Era?
1.1 HistoryofHumanCommunication
1.1.1 ChangesinMediaOvertheYears
From time immemorial, communication, especially an effective one, has always
been the basic pursuit of human activities. However, the “helplessness of commu-
nication”thatfrequentlyarisesinreallifeisinevitable,suchasmeaningsnotbeing
understood,feedbackbeingignored,thespreadandinterferenceofrumours,thelack
ofinformationandknowledgeandthedeprivationoftherighttospeak.Suchimbal-
ance in communication is even more pronounced during complex, volatile social
communicationthattranscendstimeandspace.Meanwhile,newmediatechnology
andapplicationcontinuetoincreasethespeedandscopeofinformationcommunica-
tion,reception,transferandfeedback.Technologicaladvancementhasalsochanged
mediauseandconsumerbehaviour,whichtriggeredthetransitionoftheaudience’s
cognitivestructure.Inaddition,theinteractiveinfluencebetweendiverseindividual
psychologicalfactors,complexsocialstructureandeconomic,culturalandpolitical
fieldshascreatedanovelanduniquemediaenvironment.
However, technological inventions did not appear out of thin air or happen
overnight.Duringthelongprocessofdevelopmentofhumancommunication,tech-
nology,cultureandsocietyinterweavedandinteractedtoproducemediaformsthat
belongedexclusivelytothattimeandspace.Hence,weusuallypresenttheknowl-
edgeofhumancommunicationstudiesfocusingonthehistoricalperiodswithmajor
changes in the forms and features of media technology. Each revolutionary wave
that caused tremendous changes in the history of human communication was an
effectofmediatechnology.Afterthemodernindustrialrevolutioninparticular,the
significance of technology has prompted increasing reflection on modernity and
postmodernityintheacademia.
Friedrich Krotz believed mediatization was interconnected with globalization,
individualizationandcommercialization,whichwereregardedasthemeta-process
thataffectedthelong-termlivingenvironmentofhumanbeingsintermsofsociety,
©TheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2020 1
P.Duanetal.,CommunicationofSmartMedia,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9464-9_1
2 1 Media’sRoleintheAIEra?
culture,politicsanddemocracy.1 Mediatization,aregularexistence,isafrequently
discussedtopicincommunicationstudies,suchastheroleitplaysindailylife,culture
andsocialrituals,orfromtheperspectiveofthestagesofcommunicationhistory,how
itshapesdifferentcommunicationsubjects,forms,modelsandresults.Fromancient
media(mainlyverbalcommunication),writingculture,printingrevolution,imaging
technology,radiobroadcasting,digitalmediaandtheInternettotheemergenceand
developmentofartificialintelligence(AI)inrecentyears,thecourseofdevelopment
showsthesignificanceandinfluenceofinteractionbetweenmediaandtechnology
duringacertainhistorical,culturalandsocialprocesses.
The countless processes of information flow of every scale throughout history
constitutetheentireprocessofdevelopmentofhumancommunication,whichisin
facttheevolutionaryhistoryofmediaandtechnology.Theexaminationofthehistory
of human communication from the perspective of media changes may roughly be
divided into four continuous stages, namely verbal communication, handwriting,
printingcommunicationandelectroniccommunication.Despitehavingfoursucces-
sivestages,nodistinctdividinglineisfoundbetweeneach–infact,theycomplement
eachotherandoverlap.Asitinspireschangesinthemeansofhumancognition,the
alternatingevolutionbetweencommunicationforms,spatialconceptsandcommu-
nicationeffectsasbroughtaboutbydifferentmediaisreshapingthedetailsofhuman
lifeandtheoverallchangesofsocialreality.
Verbal communication, also known as spoken-language communication or oral
communication, refers to a communication means whereby a communicator (a
speaker) communicates and conveys information to a recipient (a listener) by
producingsoundsthroughtheoralcavityassistedbytheuseofspecificwordsand
phrases, grammatical structures and non-linguistic signs. It is widely known that
during the long history of human evolution, human beings have gotten ahead of
other mammals and learnt to use tools and built society using languages. Human
beingsmasteredthetoolsoflanguageandcreateda“semanticworld”thatnoother
ordinaryanimalshave.Hans-GeorgGadamer,aGermanphilosopher,believedthat
languageitselfwasaworldview.Itmaybesaidthathumanbeingscreatedaworld
becauseoflanguage,whichgaverisetotheirrelationshipswiththeworldandthat
inturnproducedauniqueattitudetowardsit(Fig.1.1).2
Language is a form of meaning and a vessel of information; its production is
closelyconnectedtohumanbeings’needstocommunicationinformation.AsMarx
remarked, language was initially born of the urgent needs to communicate with
others.3Inaprimitivesociety,humanproductionwaslow,andtheabilityofindivid-
ualstosurvivenaturaldisasterswasalmostnon-existent.Verbalcommunicationas
aprimarymeansofcommunicationandcontactallowedindividualhumanbeingsto
cometogetherandformastronger,collaboratingtribeandcommunity.Inahistor-
icalcontextwiththeappropriateconditions,verbalcommunicationstrengthenedthe
cohesivenessofsocietymembers,andextendedtheattributeofsocialsynergyupon
1Krotz(2007).
2Ashfordetal.(2005).
3MarxandEngels(1995).
1.1 HistoryofHumanCommunication 3
Fig.1.1 Hans-Georg
Gadamer(1900–2002),a
Germanhermeneutics
scholar
which human civilization depends. In such sense, as the starting point to a critical
stage in the history of human communication, the emergence of linguistic media
trulyunveiledthecivilizationofhumancommunication.
Intermsofhumancommunicationactivities,verbalcommunicationistheoldest,
easiest and most basic form of communication. It is diverse and may be widely
applied, whether it is whispering, words on the street, reciting and singing, orally
passed-downfolksongs,preachingandlecturingoropengatherings.Verbalcommu-
nicationexistsasdialoguesbetweentwoormorepeopleandderivesmeaningfromthe
linguisticexchanges.Peoplemayelucidatethecommunicationusingnon-linguistics
actionssuchaseyecontact,bodylanguage,facialexpressions,soundelementsand
spatialdistance(Fig.1.2).
However, the limitations of verbal communication are plainly evident. Firstly,
asameansandatoolofcommunication,languageisunabletofreeitselffromthe
limitationsofthecommunicatorandrecipientandintersubjectivity.Secondly,verbal
communicationisbettersuitedforthecommunicationofinformationinaconfined
spaceandhasarelativelysmallcommunicationrangewithoutmediaassistance.In
addition, verbal signs are transient and harder to preserve. The limitations stated
above also means verbal communication has a smaller informational load, lower
contentaccuracyandgreatertemporalandspatiallimitations.Associetyandcivi-
lizationcontinuouslyprogressed,humanbeingssearchedtirelesslyfortoolssuchas
drums, fires, knots and flags to convey and preserve information. Meanwhile, the
languagemechanismwasmaturing,butthemonotonousverbalcommunicationhad
yet to satisfy the development needs of individuals and society (Figs. 1.3, 1.4 and
1.5).
Ifthebirthoflanguagetransformedourancestorsfromanimalstohumanbeings,
thentheinventionofwritingwasamilestonethatsawtheevolutionofaprimitive
humansocietytocivilizationtensofthousandsofyearsafterthebirthoflanguage.
During such communication, auditory signs are replaced by visual ones, which to
a certain extent allows language to throw off its shackles and become relatively
independentandtangible.Iflanguageisadirectsignofthings,thenwordsarethe