Communicating Embedded Systems

340 Pages·2010·5.588 MB·English

by  Francine Krief

Communicating Embedded Systems
Communicating
Embedded Systems
Network Applications

Edited by
Francine Krief
First published 2008 in France by Hermes Science/Lavoisier entitled: Les systèmes embarqués
communicants : mobilité, sécurité, autonomie © LAVOISIER 2008
First published 2010 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as
permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced,
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ISTE Ltd John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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© ISTE Ltd 2010

The rights of Francine Krief to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by her in
accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Systèmes embarqués communicants. English
Communicating embedded systems : network applications / edited by Francine Krief.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-84821-144-5
1. Networks on a chip. I. Krief, Francine. II. Title.
TK5105.546.S9713 2010
621.3815'31--dc22
2009041894

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-1-84821-144-5
Printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham and Eastbourne
Table of Contents
General Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Chapter 1. Introduction to Embedded Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Patrice KADIONIK
1.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2. Embedded system: a definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3. Properties of an embedded system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4. The significance of Moore’s Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.5. Embedded systems and the system on silicon . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.6. Embedded systems and communications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.7. Embedded systems and security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.8. Embedded systems and time constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.9. Embedded systems and free software. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.10. Embedded systems and their design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.11. An example of multimedia embedded system design. . . . . . 20
1.12. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.13. Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Chapter 2. Quality-of-Service Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks 29
Zoubir MAMMERI
2.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.2. Mobile ad hoc networks: concepts, characteristics, challenges. 31
2.2.1. Concepts and basic principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.2.2. Limits and challenges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.2.3. MAC protocols for ad hoc networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.2.4. Node mobility and location. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.3. QoS routing: general considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
vi Communicating Embedded Systems
2.3.1. Functions of routing protocols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.3.2. Classification of routing protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.3.3. Expected routing protocol properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.3.4. QoS routing problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.4. Best-effort routing protocols in MANETs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.4.1. Criteria for routing protocol classification. . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.4.2. Presentation of routing protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.5. QoS routing in MANETs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2.5.1. Approaches for QoS routing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.5.2. Resource reservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.5.3. Examples of reservation methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
2.5.4. Estimation models. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.5.5. Presentation of the main QoS routing protocols . . . . . . . 70
2.6. Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
2.7. Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Chapter 3. Self-Management of Ad Hoc Sensor Networks . . . . . . 81
Francine KRIEF
3.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
3.2. Wireless sensor networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
3.2.1. Fields of application for sensor networks . . . . . . . . . . . 82
3.2.2. The principal components in a sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
3.2.3. Importance of energy in sensor networks . . . . . . . . . . . 85
3.2.4. Transmission technologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
3.2.5. Routing algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
3.2.6. Main commercial offerings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
3.2.7. Key issues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
3.2.8. Projects on sensor networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
3.3. Autonomic sensor networks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
3.3.1. Autonomic networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
3.3.2. Self-configuration of sensor networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
3.3.3. Self-healing of sensor networks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
3.3.4. Self-optimization of sensor networks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
3.3.5. Self-protection of sensor networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
3.3.6. Projects relating to autonomy in sensor networks . . . . . . 101
3.4. An example of self-configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
3.4.1. Energy optimization and automatic classification . . . . . . 102
3.4.2. The LEA2C energy optimization algorithm. . . . . . . . . . 105
3.4.3. Performance evaluation of the LEA2C algorithm . . . . . . 106
3.4.4. Improvements to the LEA2C algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
3.5. Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
3.6. Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Table of Contents vii
Chapter 4. RFID Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Vincent GUYOT
4.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
4.2. Automatic identification systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
4.2.1. Barcodes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
4.2.2. Optical character recognition (OCR) systems. . . . . . . . . 114
4.2.3. Biometric identification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
4.2.4. Microchip cards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
4.2.5. RFID systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
4.3. The components of an RFID system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
4.4. The different types of RFID systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
4.4.1. Bottom of the range RFID systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
4.4.2. Mid-range RFID systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
4.4.3. Top of the range RFID systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
4.5. RF ranges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
4.6. Information security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
4.6.1. Symmetric mutual authentication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
4.6.2. Authentication with derived keys. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
4.6.3. Transfer encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
4.7. Standards in force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
4.7.1. Animal identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
4.7.2. Contactless chip cards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
4.7.3. Container identification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
4.7.4. Merchandise management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
4.8. Examples of implementations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
4.8.1. Contactless chip cards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
4.8.2. Access to public transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
4.8.3. Access to ski slopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
4.8.4. Access control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
4.8.5. Transportation systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
4.8.6. Animal identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
4.8.7. Sporting events. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
4.9. Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
4.10. Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Chapter 5. Hardware Security in Embedded Systems. . . . . . . . . 139
Lilian BOSSUET and Guy GOGNIAT
5.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
5.2. Embedded systems and their security issues. . . . . . . . . . . . 140
5.2.1. Design constraints in embedded systems . . . . . . . . . . . 141
5.2.2. Security issues in embedded systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
viii Communicating Embedded Systems
5.2.3. The main security threats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
5.3. Security of the system and its data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
5.3.1. The principle of deep security (ICTER project) . . . . . . . 147
5.3.2. Properties of a secured embedded hardware system. . . . . 149
5.3.3. Hardware security solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
5.4. Secured hardware architectures for embedded systems . . . . . 155
5.4.1. Software and embedded data protection architectures. . . . 156
5.4.2. Architectures for protection of intellectual property. . . . . 160
5.4.3. Crypto-architecture for protecting communications
and security applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
5.4.4. Case study: SANES, a reconfigurable, secured
hardware architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
5.5. Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
5.6. Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Chapter 6. Communications Security in Embedded Systems. . . . . 175
Mohamed Aymen CHALOUF
6.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
6.2. Communications security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
6.2.1. Security attacks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
6.2.2. Security services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
6.2.3. Cryptographic concepts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
6.2.4. Security techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
6.3. Communications security in embedded systems. . . . . . . . . . 195
6.3.1. Properties of embedded systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
6.3.2. Problems encountered in security implementation
in the embedded system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
6.3.3. Adapting security techniques to embedded systems . . . . . 198
6.3.4. A mini web server implementing SSL/TLS. . . . . . . . . . 201
6.3.5. An example of SSL/TLS usage in an embedded system . . 203
6.4. Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
6.5. Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Chapter 7. Cross-Layer Adaptation for Multimedia Services
in 802.11-Type Embedded Communications Systems . . . . . . . . . 207
Ismaïl DJAMA
7.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
7.2. Limits of layered structuring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
7.2.1. The network access layer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
7.2.2. The network layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
7.2.3. The transport layer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Table of Contents ix
7.2.4. The application layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
7.3. The XL concept. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
7.3.1. Bottom-up approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
7.3.2. Top-down approaches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
7.3.3. Mixed approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
7.4. Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
7.5. Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Chapter 8. Relevance of the DTN Architecture to Mobile
Ad Hoc Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Olfa SAMET
8.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
8.2. Mobile ad hoc networks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
8.2.1. Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
8.2.2. Characteristics of mobile ad hoc networks . . . . . . . . . . 237
8.2.3. Constraints of mobile ad hoc networks. . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
8.3. Challenged networks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
8.3.1. Transmission links. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
8.3.2. Network architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
8.3.3. User terminals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
8.3.4. Communication protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
8.4. Delay-tolerant networks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
8.4.1. Definition and objectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
8.4.2. Specifics of the DTN architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
8.4.3. Protocol model of a DTN network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
8.4.4. Routing in a DTN network. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
8.5. Relevance of DTNs to ad hoc mobile networks. . . . . . . . . . 263
8.5.1. Links with long delays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
8.5.2. Solution to the problems relating to high loss rates . . . . . 265
8.6. Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
8.7. Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Chapter 9. Intelligent Interfaces and Mobile Communications . . . 267
Badr BENMAMMAR and Zeina EL-FERKH JRAD
9.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
9.2. Assisting the user with access to new internet services. . . . . . 269
9.2.1. Intelligent user interfaces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
9.2.2. General characteristics of an intelligent interface. . . . . . . 270
9.3. Modeling user behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
9.3.1. Determining the contextual data of a profile . . . . . . . . . 273
9.3.2. General definition of pertinent characteristics. . . . . . . . . 274
x Communicating Embedded Systems
9.4. Synthesis of mobile and wireless networks. . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
9.4.1. WiMAX technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
9.4.2. WiMAX and QoS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
9.4.3. Mobile WiMAX and 4G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
9.5. References for intelligent interfaces for access to
mobile networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
9.5.1. Predicting the mobility of users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
9.5.2. Negotiating the QoS for a mobile user. . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
9.6. Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
9.7. Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
Chapter 10. Routing and Mobility Management in Personal
Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Usman JAVAID and Francine KRIEF
10.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
10.2. Personal environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
10.2.1. Personal networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
10.2.2. Personal network federation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
10.2.3. Personal ubiquitous environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
10.3. Routing in personal environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
10.3.1. Specificities of personal networks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
10.3.2. PNRP routing protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
10.3.3. Simulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
10.4. Gateway discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
10.4.1. Gateway discovery in multi-hop networks. . . . . . . . . . 311
10.4.2. The ADD protocol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
10.4.3. Simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
10.5. Mobility management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
10.5.1. Mobility management in personal networks. . . . . . . . . 314
10.5.2. Mobility management architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
10.5.3. Seamless multi-hop handover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
10.6. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
10.7. Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
List of Authors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
General Introduction
Embedded systems surround us and assist us in our daily lives.
They are ubiquitous and dedicated to a precise task, and can be
distinguished at application level as well as performance level. They
are usually intended for wireless communication and have a complex
design, as we often have to juggle very strict constraints in terms of
integration and functionality (surface, power consumption,
throughput, etc.).
Today embedded systems are at the heart of the convergence of
electronics/information technology (IT)/telecommunications and networks.
This convergence requires us to familiarize ourselves with a range of
disciplines. This book, compiled by experts in electronics, computer
science, telecommunications and networks, aims to achieve this.
Without being able to give a detailed discussion of all aspects relating
to embedded systems design, this book comprehensively covers the
issue of communication in embedded systems. This choice is easily
justified by the fact that embedded systems are today overwhelmingly
communications oriented and that communications and networks are
an important sector for embedded systems.
This book consists of 10 chapters.
Chapter 1 is an introductory chapter, which presents the general
characteristics of an embedded system, as well as the constraints that

Introduction written by Francine KRIEF.