Communicable Diseases in Developing Countries: Stopping the Global Epidemics of HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, Malaria and Diarrhea

230 Pages·2014·3.44 MB·English

by  John Malcolm Dowling

Communicable Diseases in Developing Countries
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Communicable Diseases in
Developing Countries
Stopping the Global Epidemics of
HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, Malaria and
Diarrhea
John Malcolm Dowling
and
Chin-Fang Yap
palgrave
macmillan
©JohnMalcolmDowlingandChin-FangYap2014
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2014 978-1-137-35477-8
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Firstpublished2014by
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ISBN 978-1-349-46999-4 ISBN 978-1-137-35478-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/9781137354785
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Dowling,J.Malcolm(JohnMalcolm),author.
Communicablediseasesindevelopingcountries:stoppingtheglobal
epidemicsofHIV/AIDS,tuberculosis,malariaand
diarrhea/JohnMalcolmDowling,Chin-FangYap.
p. ; cm.
ISBN 978-1-349-46999-4
I. Yap,Chin-Fang,author. II. Title.
[DNLM:1. CommunicableDiseases. 2. DevelopingCountries.
3. CommunicableDiseaseControl. 4. HIVInfections.
5. Malaria. 6. Tuberculosis.WC100]
RA643
362.1969009172(cid:2)4—dc23 2014024166
Contents
ListofFiguresandTables vi
ListofAcronyms ix
1 Introduction 1
2 HIV/AIDS 16
3 Tuberculosis 67
4 Malaria 132
5 DiarrheaandOtherWater-BorneDiseases 169
Notes 201
Bibliography 202
Index 211
v
Figures and Tables
Figures
2.1 Cascadeofinfectionsandcancersthatdevelopas
immunefunctionisdepleted 24
4.1 Reportedcasesofmalaria,2011 136
4.2 ReportedmalariadeathsinAfrica,2000–2012 140
4.3 Estimatednumberofchildren’slivessavedbymalaria
prevention,2000,2005and2010 160
Tables
1.1 Levelsandchangesinlifeexpectancy,1960–2011 3
1.2 SelectedindicatorsforChina,Cuba,SriLanka,Costa
Rica,Kerala(India),TamilNadu(India),Bangladesh,
Ethiopia,KyrgyzstanandThailand 5
1.3 Determinantsoflifeexpectancymodel 10
1.4 Determinantsofinfantmortalitymodel 11
1.5 Tuberculosiscases,HIVcasesandmalariadeathsover
time 12
1.6 Under-fivemortality,humandevelopmentandlife
expectancyranksforselectedAfricancountries 13
1.7 Relativespendingonpublichealth(%ofGDPand%of
governmentbudget,respectively) 14
2.1 GlobaldistributionofHIV/AIDS,2011 19
2.2 Regionalantiretroviralcoverageasof2011 30
2.3 ARTcoverageamongeligiblepregnantwomeninthe21
AfricanprioritycountriesintheGlobalPlan,2011and
2012 39
2.4 Children(0–14yearsold)eligibleforandreceiving
antiretroviraltherapy,andantiretroviraltherapy
coverageinthe22prioritycountriesintheGlobalPlan,
2011and2012 41
2.5 PrevalenceofHIV,total(%ofpopulationages15–49)in
Sub-SaharanAfrica 47
vi
ListofFiguresandTables vii
2.6 PEPFARreportoncountryprogressinreducingHIV
infectionsandscalingupART 57
2.7 StatisticalanalysisofAIDSmortalityusingGLS 66
3.1 TBcases,2000and2007 70
3.2 MTB/RIFmachinesorderedthroughQ42011 74
3.3 TBincidence,mortalityandincidenceofHIVinTBcases 81
3.4 TB,coinfectionwithHIVandanindexof
economicfreedom 99
3.5 ProvisionofTBtreatment,HIVtestingandART2007 101
3.6 Tuberculosisscreeningquestionnaire 102
3.7 GroupsofdrugstotreatMDR-TBa 104
3.8 GeneralprinciplesfordesigningMDR-TB
treatmentregimens 105
3.9 EstimatedMDR-TBcasesamongnotifiedTBpatients,
2012 107
3.10 CriticalchallengesinthecontrolofMDRtuberculosis
andXDRtuberculosisandpotentialsolutionssupported
bytheWHO 108
3.11 HeritageFoundationIndexandHDIfor
selectedcountries 124
3.12 StatisticalanalysisofTBmortalityrateusingGLS 131
4.1 Malariadeaths,2000and2012 134
4.2 ChloroquinetreatmentfailureinAfrica,1997–2002 143
4.3 MalariacasesanddeathsinAfrica,2012 148
4.4 Insecticide-treatednet(ITN)andindoorresidual
spraying(IRS)inAfrica,2000–2012 151
4.5 Childrenagedfiveoryoungersleepingunder
insecticide-treatedbednetsintopeightaffectedAfrican
countries 153
4.6 Bednetdistributionandusageintopeightaffected
Africancountries 154
4.7 MalariainmostaffectedAfricancountries 158
4.8 Proportionsofpatientstreatedwithantimalarialdrugs 162
4.9 Humandevelopmentindex(HDI)andaverageyearsof
educationforcountrieswithmostglobaldeathsfrom
malaria2012 164
4.10 StatisticalanalysisofmalariamortalityusingGLS 166
4.11 StatisticalanalysisofmalariamortalityusingGLS
(withoutGNIpercapitaandHDI) 167
5.1 Burdenofdiarrheaperyearinchildrenaged0–4years,
byWHOregion,2010 172
viii ListofFiguresandTables
5.2 Allpersonsreceivingoralrehydrationsalts(inpercent),
2007–2012 176
5.3 Underfiveyearoldswithdiarrheareceivingoral
rehydrationsalts(inpercentage),2007–2012 180
5.4 HDIandhealthindicatorsforselectedcountries 189
5.5 Maternalmortalityratio(modeledestimate,per100,000
livebirths) 195
5.6 Statisticalanalysisofinfantmortalityduetodiarrhea 198
5.7 Statisticalanalysisofinfantmortalityduetodiarrhea
disease(withoutGNIpercapitaandORS) 199
Acronyms
ACT ArtemisininCombinationalTherapy
AIDS AcquiredImmunodeficiencySyndrome
API AnnualParasiteIndex
ARV Antiretroviral
ART AntiretroviralTherapy
BCG BacillusCalmette–Guérin
CDC CenterforDiseaseControlandPrevention
CPT Co-trimoxazoleProphylaxis
DDT Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
DOT DirectlyObservedTreatment
DOTS DirectlyObservedTreatmentShort-Course
EIR EntomologicalInoculationRate
EMS ElectronicMedicalrecordSystem
GDP GrossDomesticProduct
GEMS GlobalEntericMulticenterStudy
GFATM GlobalFundtoFightAIDS,TuberculosisandMalaria
GLS GeneralizedLeastSquares
GMAP GlobalMalariaActionPlan
GNI GrossNationalIncome
HDI HumanDevelopmentIndex
HIV HumanImmunodeficiencyVirus
ICF IntensifiedCaseFinding
INH Isoniazid
IPM InternationalPartnershipforMicrobicides
IPT IsoniazidPreventiveTreatment
IRS IndoorResidentialSpraying
MDA MassDrugAdministration
MDG MillenniumDevelopmentGoals
MDR-TB Multidrug-ResistantTuberculosis
MSM MenWhoHaveSexWithOtherMen
ORT OralRehydrationTherapy
PEPFAR President’sEmergencyPlanforAIDSRelief
PPP PurchasingPowerParity
RDTs RapidDiagnosticTests
SP Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine
ix