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RO CZNIK O RIENTALISTYCZ NY, T LVI, z. t,
HANS I{UGTERENA T.{DM ARTI ROOS
CommonV ocabularyo f the Westerna nd EasternY ugur Languages
The Ethnonyms
This is the third in a series of articles on etymologieso f Western Yugur, a Ttrrkic
languagea, nd EastemY ugur, a Mongolicl anguageb, oth spokenw ithin the Yugur nationality
in China's Gansi Province.T hese two different linguistic groups of the Yugur, or Yellow
Uygur, as they are traditionally known irmong western scholars,n ot only came to share
a common history but also a common ethnonyml.
1. The Yugufs auton5m, and names for the Yugur from neighbouring peoples
The nationality'so fficial namei s Yugur,or,i n Chinese,m gir $t. rich union), a euphonic
minage reflectingt he pronunciationo f the Yugur's autonym2T. he Ttrrkic and the Mongolic
speakingY ugur use a similar autonym: the Tirrkic speakingY ugur designatet hemselves
as yopr 'Yugur' lll or san{ yofii 'Yellow Yugur' l2], and the Mongolic speakingY ugur
likewiseu se eitheryofor'Yugur' f3f or iirayo{or 'Yellow Yugur' [4]. In order to distinguish
both groups and theh languagesC, hinesel inguists coined the termsX bil ngu (Western
Yugur) andDongbilI ?@ (EasternY ugur).
The ethnonymsy ofir and yo[or derwe from Uygur, the name of a Tirrkic speaking
people already attested in ancient Tirrkic documents3.A metathesis form lugures for
1 It is unclear to what extent exactly the two linguistic groups of the Yugur have blended into one people
in the courseo f their history.A t leasts incet he last part of the 17mc entury,t hey haveb eens eparatedg eographica[y
and administratively,t he Mongolic speakingY ugur residing in the east in the mountains near Gdnzh6u, and
the Thrkic speakingY ugur mainly in the west in the plains near Sr)zhou,e xceptf or a group who lived in the
mountains near the Mongolic speakingY ugur. In some communities,e speciallyt he Yugur dwelling closestt o
Sizhou, the vernacular Yugur was displacedb y Chinese.
z This officialr epresentationw asa greedu pon in 1953,a n older one beingY dohtr'd(rC h6n & L6 i 1985:1 ).
' 3 The meaning and ultimate origin of this ethnonym are unknown. The Yugur do not use the ethnonym
yogtr or yoEort o denote the present-dayU ygur of )Gnjidng:i n fact, the latter only adoptedt heir presente thnonym
L34 HANSNUGIERENANDMARIIROOS
Uygur wasn oted ase arly ast he L3thc enturyb y W i I h e I m d e Ru b r o u c k, a Franciscan
missionarya nd envoyt o the Mongol khan (Lige ti 1934:243).
From the 10thc enturyo nwardsC, hineseh istoricald ocumentsh aver ecordedt he epithet
yellow as part of the ethnonymo f the Tirrkic speakingp eopleso f the Gansi area,e ither
by translatingi ts meaning,e .g.H udngthuH uihe ('Yellow-headU ygur')4,o r by giving
a phonetic renderingo f it, e.g.S aEW diwil'drX, lldgil'drs-
It has been suggestedth at the epithet Yellow refers to the Buddhist-Lamaisfta ith,
more specificallyt o the Yellow sect,t hat thesep eoplesa dheredt o, but this is uncertain.
Many Tirrkic asw ell asM ongolics peakingp eoplese mployc olourn amesin their ethnonyms
and clan names6.
During the Qrngd ynastyt,h e Yugurp eoplew ere alsoc alledmtnngfrn( YellowB arbarian')
t5] by the Chinese,w ho herebyd istinguishedth em from the Tlbetansw hom they called
HeifAn( 'Black Barbarian')[ 6]. Thesee thnonymsh aveb eenr ecordedb y the earliestw estern
explorerso f the Yugura rea.P o t a n i n, whoc tosed the mountainsin habitedW th" Mongolic
speakingY uguri n 1-886w, rote:" The Chinesec all allYogxnnnfan',thatis,Yellow Barbarinn"
(1893:4 40).M annerheim brieflyv isitedt he Yugurn t9U and obserued":[ .J people
who call themselvesS ard Ydgur( lellow Yogurs') and [are] calledb y the ChineseH uang
Fannil (huarg !ellow', fan 'barbaian'; 'the yellow barbarians')t o distinguisht hem from
the ThngutansTw, ho are called Hei Fantzil (hei 'black')" (L9tl:5). The missionary
Her'manns, who travelledt he Amdo areai n the 1930sr,e ported:" The Ctrinesec all [the
nomadc lansi n the mountainso f the NanshanH] unry-ftiny, ellow Fiin, to distinguisht hem
from the neighbouringH ei-ftin, black Fiin. The Ctrineseu se the term Fiin-dse [10] to
denotet he neighbouringT ibetann omadsT. heya pparentlyre gardt heH u.ay-ftina sT ibetans"
(L94VL94L:80)T. he linguistsM alov andL 6i recordeds omev ariantt ermsp -9].
None of theseC hineset erms discernsb etweent he Tirkic and the Mongolic speaking
Yugur. The Tibetans, however,d id make a distinction betweent he two Yugur groups
accordingtoHermanns:"They[i.e.theTibetans]calltheeasterntribes[oftheHuary-fdn]
Hor ser,y ellow Hor, or Hor gur ser llZl, and the westernt ribes,F/onr ag,blackH or, ot
Hor gur nag U3l. Apparently they regard thesep eople as belongingt o the Mongolians,
sincet hey denotet he Mongoliansa sH or lLll'l (194L1941:8 0)8.
in the 20ttrc entury.T he old ethnonymT iitk or Tiltilk drdn ot survivei n the Yugur languagesa, lthoughs ome
other old ethnonymss, uch as KirPE andC orltt,d o survivea s Yugur bone' clan names.
4 This term wasu sedd uringt he Sdngd ynastyc, f. Pinks 1968.
s The former term prevailedd uring the Yu6n and Ming dynastiest,h e latter during the Qing dynastys; ,tli
reflectst he liykic words arif,,a ndriln the Mongolicw ordJira (cf. Ch6n & L6i 1985:1 , andS aguchi 1986
for further historicaln ames).
6 For instancet he WesternY ugur sumameso r 'bone' clan namesQ idl ('Red'),A q ('\tlhite'), Aq Yafunqv
('White Yaghlahryr'),u d Qara Yafuhqn( 'Black Yaghlahryr').
7 An older designationfo r the Thetans.
8 The commonT lbetanw ord for 'Mongol' is Sog-po(J ii sc h k e 19585: 79a)A. s for the colouro f the drrellings,
most Yugur are sedentaryl,i ving in adobeh ouses,a nd when nomadisinga black tent is used;a white tent is
used in marriagec eremonies.
135
COMMONVOCABTJIARYOFTHEWESTERNANDEASTERNYUGURI.ANGUAGES
The Tirrkic speakingY ugur living in the plains (i.e. Minghud District) designate
themselvesa soyl ast( 'plainsp erson')[ 1a];t heyd esignateth e Yugur living in the mountains
(i.e.D ah6D istrict)a sf ra! /ciis(i' mountainp erson')[ 15].
2. Yugur ethnonymsf or neighbouring peoples
The Trrkic speakingY ugur call the Tibetansn nt ll6f, a Ttrrkic word that originally
meant's ffangera, lien'.C urrentlya, ftr is usedb y theY uguro f thep lainst o refert o the Mongolic
speakingY ugur,w ho live in the mountainsa, sw ell. Malov recordedt he wordp otpa llTl
for Tibetan,b ut this may haveb een obsolescenat,n d L6i furthermorer ecordedt he term
qarafiE[ 18] in Ddh6 speechT. he Mongolics peakingY ugur call the Tibetansf ,arlqet1 191.
The Tirrkics peakingY uguru set he termsart[ 20]t o denotet he muslimH ui andm odern
Uygur. This ethnonymi s alreadya ttestedi n ancientT urkic writings,m eaning' merchant'
andl atero n'tovrnd weller',e ventubllyp erhapsre ferringt o 'sedentarmy uslim'.T he Mongolic
speakingY ugur use a cognatet erm salthuur[ 21] for Hui. An obsolescendt esignationfo r
the modernU ygur is {anfrou 1221a, loanwordf rom Chinesec hdntdu( lit. 'wrap-head')
that referredt o the turbano ncew orn by them. Mannerheim recordedt his term
amongt he Mongolic speakingY ugur as well [23].
The Russiantu rcologisMt alov, and followingh im, Teni5ev remrded a Yugur
word ane [Z] 'Ctrinese,m uslim, Turk'. This is a loanword from Tibetan that originally
referred to the local Tibetan population.
The Mongolics peakingY ugurc all the Mongolsm aAqu[l 25];t his term doesn ot comprise
the Mongolics peakingY ugurt hemselvens,o r the Monguor,w ho arec alledt olto pSl.The
word moyqul wasb orrowedb y the Tirkic speakingY ugur as moyil [26]. M a I o v further
mentionst he Mongol tribal namet o$ot 1271o, ne of the westernM ongol tribes.
The Tirkic speakingY ugur call the Chineseq htti 1291a, term that originally derives
from Khitan or Khitay, the name of a non-Chinesep eople ruling China in the Lf11th
centuriesa s the Lii4od ynasqPT. he Mongolics peakingY ugur use the cognatet etm {utat
[30]. The sourcesa lso mention somep ejorativet erms for the Chinesel 3L-341.
3. The problem of the ethnonym 'Qara Yugut'
According to severa[o lder sourcest,h e Mongolic speakingY ugur called the Turkic
speakingY ugarw ra ytqur, generallytr anslateda s 'Black Yugur' [35].T he Tiukic speaking
Yugur, however,a re not awareo f sucha name.
Hermanns reportedt hus:" The easterntr ibesc all themselveias ra yugur,y ellow
Yugur. They call their westernn eighboursx aray ugur,b lack Yugur. The latter denote
themselvesa,s w ell as their eastemn eighboursa, s Yugur" (1940a1: 80).
e This is also the sourceo f the name' Cathav'.
136
ITANS NUGTERENAND MARII ROOS
This inconsistencyo f namesl ed to the speculationa monge xplorersa nd linguistst hat
the ethnonymm ra yugur was an ad hoc coinageb y the Mongolic speakingY ugur, to
distinguisht hemselvesc learlyf rom their Ttrkic speakingn eighboursf or the sakeo f their
visitors, hereby inspired perhapsb y the existingC hinesee thnonlanst hat referred to
yellow and black.
Mannerheim reporteds omewhabt ewilderedt he following:" It is a strangef act
that this little mountain tribe who not only considert hemselvesb, ut, without doubt, are,
Mongolian, say that in spite of the ffierence of languaget hey belong to the samet ribe
as the Sani Yogurs, whom they, at the samet ime, considert o be Tihantu,t hat is to say
Sarts,a ndw hosen amet hey sayo ught tobe Knra (blac$ Ytigilr not SardY dguf' (L9ll:32).
Mannerheim further stated:" Potanina lsoc allst hem Kara Yogur in the statements
he makesi n his book regardingt hesep eopleb ut I consideri t altogetheri mpossiblet hat
I should mistake I( for S. It is howeverp ossiblet hat the Saro Yogur themsehesh ave
replacedK ara with Saro - that is, the Chineseh uangl ellou/ ffanslatedi n to their own
language"( 1911.:32f,o otnoteL ).
In his reviewo f Mannerheim's articleM, alov suggested:'Anidf t he SheraY ugur
call their neighbourst he SarygY ugur chan;tua nd Sart, then this is merely an ad hoc
device to e4plaint o the traveller G. Mannerheimt hat in their opinion, the languageo f
the SarygY ugur resemblesth e languageo f the chantuo r Sart and differs from their own
languageS heraY ugur, a Mongolicl anguage[. .]. G.N. Potanina lsoc allst he Tirkic speaking
Yugur lura, that is, Black Yugur. And this is, in my opinion, becauseo f the fact that he
speaksa bout them in the words of the SheraY ugur. Apparently one must assumet hat
the name lcara arose among the Shera Yugur as the result of a deliberate distinction
amongt heset wo sectionso f one and the samet ribe" (1912:216-217).
Finally,M alov recallst he followingi ncident:" I remembewr ell that the SarygY ugur
called the Tibetan tribes Kara Yugur, that is Black Yugur, to me, but later on I was able
to find out that they only called them by this namet o me, as an answert o my question
whether or not there were red or white Yugur too. It was only afterwardst hat I found
out that the SarygY ugur calledt he Tibetansn ot at all Kara Yugur,b ut nf' (19t2:217).
The fact that the narneq arayuguro r xarayo{orwasr ecordedo ver a period of about
50 yearsb y severalr esearchersin dependentlys tronglys uggestsh,o wever,t hat it is indeed
an existingM ongolic Yugur ethnonyma nd not a term mere$ coinedf or the convenience
of the visitorsl0.A lthough the meaning' Black Yugur' was inferred by most authors,
except for Potanin (who did not give a translation),t here is no evidencei n any of the
sourcest hat the meaning' black' wasp rovided by the informants.
Another interpretationo f the terrn is the following.T he phonetics hapeo f the Mongolic
Yugur word qara ot mra not only representsC -ommonM ongolic *lcnra' black', but it is
also an (inegular) reflex of the etymon *knri'strange,u nfamiliar,s tranger,u nrelated
10H ahn's srrggestiotnh at the lirrkic speakingY ugur call the Mongolics peakingY ugur 'Xara Yoghor'
insteado f the reverse( 1998:3 87) must be, in view of the phonetic shapeo f the cited form, an unfortunate
editorial mistake.
COMMONV OCABULARYO F THE WESTERNA ND EASTERNY {,]GUR I-ANGUAGES 137
(person)'[ 36].T he regulard evelopmenxtn rei s alsoa ttesteda mongt he Mongolic speaking
Yugur.T his word is well documentedin the SecretH istory and the Hu6-Yf Yiy[, and it
further occursi n Khalkha,B urya! andK almuck.I f this et)4roni s indeedt he first element
of the ethnonp )@ralo Eor, it would simplym ean 'alien Yugur' or 'strangeY ugur', and
not be an ethnoryrrnin the strictests ense.
In view of this it is not surprisingt hat none of the visitors of the Tirrkic speaking
Yugur ever recordeda self-designatio*nq aray o$zrf rom them.
4. Ianguage designationsd iscerning betweent he two linguistic groups of the lfugur
Although the Tirrkic and Mongolic speakingY ugur sharea commona utonym,t hey
are awareo f the ffierent languagesth ey speaka nd the affiliationso f thesel anguages.
Accordingt o Hermanns, the Tlrkic speakingY ugur" admit that they can understand
the Salars( in Tbingh ai, China) and the Shant ou (in Kan su and Sin kiang) to a certain
extent[ ..].The Angarss ayt hat they can understandth e Daide-Mongol(sK an su, TSing
hai), the Tzaidam-Mongol(sE ing hai) asw ell as the Ala shan-Mongols(N ing hia). They
claim howevera still closerc onnectionw ith the Mongor or Ttrj en (Kan su, Tbingh ai) as
the Chinesec alledt hem,a n old Mongoliant ribe" (1951:L 92)Lr.
The Tirrkic speakingY ugur denotet heir own languageb y the termy@:r lar or yoPr
Sozr2T. \e Mongolics peakingY ugur call their languagey lur lar (lit. Ngkar language,
Ngkar speech)[ 3fl, which is of uncleare tymologl.T he Ttrkic speakingY ugur call the
languageo f the Mongolics peakingY ugur iqlur lar or trll<nrfd z, which apparenflyr eflects
the Mongolic Yugur form, althought he Thrkic Yugur word iylur [38] has severalo ther
meaningsn ot sharedb y the MongolicY ugur equivalentT. he MongolicY ugur sourcesd o
not mention a term for the WesternY ugur language.
Like other parts of the lexicon,t he Yugur ethnonymsp resenta n amalgamo f Tirrkic,
Mongolic,C hinese,a nd Tibetan etymonsa, s well as etymonso f unclearo r unknown
orign. The only recurrentt heme is the concepto f 'alien, stranger,o ther'.
List of trgur ethnonymsl3
tll WYu yopr 'Yugar',c f..T 184by, odurL nb, UI&b, T184b,M 41b,y ilf,ur 1279b,
yudur M43a 'id', yugur Her80 'Tirrkic speakingY ugrr' <Ct *uygu!.
11T he Deed Mongols are West Mongolic speakerst,h e Ala5anM ongolss peaka form of East Mongolic
with westeme lementsT. he charactero f the dialecto f the C-aydamM ongolsi s unknownt o us.
12T he Tirkic speakingY uguru set he words.fciazn dt rzrf or'languages, peechn', ot Tirkic W'tongue, Ianguage',
and the Mongolic speakingY ugur use/ ar asw ell, not Mongolic* kilin 'tongte,language'.
1: The transcriptionu sedh ere for WestemY ugur is the traditionalo ne, exceptf or the graphemesg and E,
which representr etroflexes,a nd C and J, which representa lveolo-palatalsI.n the transcriptiono f Eastem
Yugir C representsa centralm id-vowel;t he graphemefs and,f are palatals.
138 HANSNUGTERENANDM ARrr Roos
[2] EYu yofiorB I55,BJ2?5,yuduJr 36'Yugur'+ WYu [1].
[3] WYu sarii yopi'Yellow Yugur', cf. sari! yo:gurL 27tb,I3L9b, CLZ, sarii yu{ur
M43a, M100b,T 3, T-n, sardy dgurM an1.
[4] EYu iira-yogurP otI:444,s heray 'ogurM anl., iua yu[ur Kot440,i ara ytgur Her80,
{rm yuEurT 3, Tn 'Yellow Yugur'.
l5l WYunnqfanLlSla 'oldern ameo f theY ugur',ntnnfan'Potl:440'Yugur',htnng-fan
Manl 'commonn amef or the Saroa ndS heraY ogurs',hunngfanaiMl an5 fYugur],hwr1-ftin
Her80 'yellow Fiin [nomadsb etweenK an-chowa nd Su-chow]'< -Ch hudngfan] ellow
barbarian't;h e laste lemenitn Mannerheim's termi s +Ch ni'clan, nationality'.
[6] WYu fifan Ll79a'older name of the Tibetans',x i fan ML34a,r t ftin Ml34a, hei
fanuil Man5 'Thngut',h ei-ftinH er80 'black Fiin [Tibetann omad]' eCh hEffin'black
barbarian'.
[7] WYu Sifan1 241b'older namef or the Yugur',s ifan M702b'nameb y which the
Chinesec all the Yugur' +Chxifan lvesternb arbarian'.
[8] WYU tamn iifan M19L2a:96'nameb y which the Ctrinesec all the Yugur' <-Ch
hudngi fin \ellow westemb arbarian'.
[9] WYu i-tifanMll4a,MI9I2:2L7,ML9l?a:96 'nameb ywhich the Chinesec all the
Thngut'+ Ch heif ifan'black westernb arbarian'.
l10l Ch fdn-dseH er80 'Chinesete nn for the Tibetann omads+' Ch farufi'barbarian
nationality'.
[11] WYUx or M737a'nameo f a Yugurb one clan',E Yu xor 8159 'Yugurc lan name'
+LiI Hor Jd598a'a Mongol', Ando xor Roe157'T irk of CentralA sia,M ongol', horMG486
'Monguor'14.
t12l Tib hor ser Her80 lellow Hor, the Easternc lans [of the huny-ftinf', hor gur ser
Her80 [yellowt ent Hor], WYu xonerM 137b'nameo f a Yugurb onec lan' <-W Hor $ll
* W ser-pol e577bl ellou/ (+ LT gur Jd69b't ent').
l13l Tib hor nag Her80 'black Hor, the Westernc lans [of the hwy-fdn]', hor gur nag
Her80 [blackt ent Hor] <-W Hor [11] + LJIn ag-paJ 800b 'black' (+ IJI gur Jii69b' tent').
ll4l WYu oy ktsi 'steppep erson,Y ugur living in the plains',c f. further oylifi L37a
'plains-;p lainsman(Y uguro f Mi,nghuaD istrict)',T 3,Tn'autonlnn of the YellowY ugur
living in the steppes'o, yltEM 81a 'plain, living in the plains',o yfiEy uyur M81a 'plains
Yugut' <Cl *oq,'hole, cavity;v alley' (cf. EDPT 265b)+ adjectives uffix.
[15] WYu fra{ lasi'mountain person,Y ugur living in the mountains',f raEIEL l?.0a
'mountainous;m ountainousr egion; mountain-mani,n habitanto f a mountainousr egion
(especiallya Yugur from Dah6 District)', tag@T 3, Tfi, 'autonlano f the inhabitantso f
the mountains'< CT \a:g (cf. EDPT 463a)+ adjectives uffix.
[16] WYu taht'TibetauE astemY ugur',d .L94b, CI-LUb'Tibetan',T 2124t afit T2l2a,
tat T3, MLL4a,M 7972296'ThnguTt,i betan',P otII:436b' Thngut'< CI \at 'stranger,a lien'
(cf. EDPT dA9a)U. nlike Salarf iiatLin4Sa 'Tibetan',t he WYu form is not a contracted
form of Tirrkic\ fiptit or Mongolic\ dbed (asp roposedb y Dwyer Z}Cf,l:426t)h; eseo lder
la For furtheri nstanceosf this etymons, eeN ugteren & Roos 19988: 5.
I
COMMONV OCABULA.RYO F THE WESTERNA ND EASTERNY UGUR I-ANGUAGES t39
*tarJut
ethnonymhsa ven ot beena ttestedin the Yugurl anguagesA. contractionof mentioned
under [19] is also unlikely, in view of the WYu form and the historical developments.
[17] WYu potpa M94a 'Thngut'< -W bod-paJ dB72a't he Tibetans',A riik po-pe TB166
'Tibetan'.
t18l WYu qaraltdL 190b:Da' Tibetan',q araltqM 53b 'name of a Yugur bone clan',
apparentlyfr omq ara'blaclC+ adjectives uffix;M a I o v's -4 is unexpectedf;o r the semantics
see[ 6]. A similar formationi s attestedi n the Yugur bone clan named i{atftqM 148a,
derivedf rom the EYu colour namei hidaan lwhite'. ln qailhi L195b and guyilhdL 29tb
the adjectives uffixf unctionsa s a collectiveo f the bonec lan namesq izil (also'red') and
Euytl- Eorlil,c f. also[ 14] and [15].
t19l EYu frarlqdtB IL4, frarlqit J74'Tibetan't,a ngitP otII:420b'T angut'c, f. LM tangytd
I*s777a 'Thnguti nhabitant of northwesternC hina, sometimesr eferring to the Tibetans
or their country', cognatet o the older Tirkic fotm \ayut (cf. Riis462a).
t20l WYu sar'muslim; Hui; Uygur',c f. T205b,M 100b' Dungan',1 320a,C L164b' Huf
<CT *sart'merchantt;o wn dweller'( cf. EDPT 846a+ -Sanskrit).
t21l EYu salf,uurB 98 'Hui', cf. LM sartawl I-es677a'anciennta meo f Bukhara'.
t22l WYu Ehanfro(us peecho f olderp eople)'U ygur',c f..ghanfrtuLzg2b'id',ianMtu1 40b,
shant ou Hefl9?'Turk, muslimo f ChineseT Urkestant,h at is )finjidng' <-Ch chdn 'to
wrap'+ tdu'head'.
[23] EYu tshantuM an32' Sart'< -Ch chdn'to wrap' + tdu'head'.
[24] WYu anqMlsa 'Chinesec ituen,m uslim{urk (Chinesei:a rl-tou)',T 3'Ttrrki (not
Yugur)'+ IJt A-rig Das1364a'no. f a countryo f nomadh erdsmens ituatedt o the westo f
Amdo'15.
[25] EYu morlqul893,m orlqolJ 102b'Mongol'c, f. LM mongyuLl es542b'Mongol,
Mongolian'.
126l WYu moyil I-86b, CLl64b, moytt M78a,m oyul MlTb, T192a,m oyot M77b, Tl92a,
murlil l-87b,m ugil Tl92a, mtytl l-82a,m lrltt M78b,m orfiol M77b 'Mongol', ultimately
Mongolic, either eEYu 125f,o r < older Tirrkic *moyul (cf. Riis340b)e LM mongytl.
[27] WYu torgot M122b' Torgut Mongol' eMongolic, cf. LM torT ud Les826b.
t28l EYu toltoBt3} 'Monguor'c, f.A mdo dordoRoeL3I,tordRdo e1,2'6n ameo f a tribe'16,
LI (accordingto Roeri ch) Dol-rdo,D o-rdo.In viewo f the ethnonyma nd bannern ame
Daldy recordedb y Pri,eval'skij (1875:L 28,225)a, nd the Ordosn amed alat'one of
the sevenO rdosb annersd',o lo:t'clann ame',r ecordedb y Mostae rt (L94I-1944L: 15a,
151a),t he namem ayb e rathero f Mongolico rigin.
[29] WYu qhiti 'Cllrnese',c f. qhttq I2I0b, g,L64b, lilE T?;0tb,M &b, qtq M59a,i tq
Ll79a,l2l9b,lntayPotil:435b,(aqI212b <CT xldtnf(i d. Ras268bc),o gnateto LMl<itadr1.
1sF or further instanceosf this etymons, eeN ugteren & Roos 1998:4 6,f ootnote7 .
16I nthetextofh isintroduction,Roerichidentifiesthistribe(alternativelynamed-apparentlyinMongolian
- Daldt,D olit) with the Monguor (7958:2-3),b ut on the accompanfngm ap,M onguora nd Daldt are indicated
separately.
17F or furtheri nstanceosf thise tymons, eeN ugteren & Roos 19961: 9.
140
HANS NUGTERENA ND MARTI ROOS
*kttafi.
[30] EYu duthatB65,d utat J61' Ctrinesec',f . LM kitadles473b,c ognateto CT
[31] WYu soyri1 336b,s dyen1 336b;Das, uyer[3 34b'Chinese( derogatory)',s i)yeMr 107a
'id, useds o that the Ctrinesew ill not know who is talked about',o f unknowne tymolog5l.
[32] WYUf roga mq Lt29a:Da'Chinese(d erogatory)('i t. shortf oot).
[33] WYu qara dulaq LL90a'Chinese( derogatory)(' lit. black ear), but cl qara qulnq
M60b'females exo rgans'.
[34] WYu mdqayanM 74b 'Chinesew oman( derogatory)'.
[35] EYu mra yogurP otI:440' [nameo fl the two westernc lans[ of the Yugur] speaking
a Tirrkicl anguagek',n raydgurMan32,mmyrquHr er80'BlackY ugut',a compoundc onsisting
of EYUm ra 136l+ ygor l2l.
[36] EYuxam B{S,mri J90' placef ar awayf rom home,s trangela nd',c f. LMmrtLes937a
'foreign, strange,s tranger',a nd further the EYu collocationsm ra hthoq 848 'external
tibe', mratd salcla-8 48'to give away( one'sd aughterin marriage)'m, riti 6k- J90'of.
a woman to get married'. The EYu termsx ara aylu 846'paternal great-gnndmother',
xnra atJa8 46'patemal great-grandfathemr' ay derive from *luri as well. This etymoni s
attestedfr om the earliestd ocumentisn variousm eaningsS: ecreltf ustoryq ai(n) Haenisch62
'state;f oreigner;t ribe', Hu6-Yi Yryi qaritanM os88' nations;p rinces'.I t further occursi n
Khalkham r'Han624a 'foreign;a lien;s trangef;a milyo f another'm, r'd dg- Han6%a'to
gtve away the bride', mr'tan Han6?Aa'guests'B; uryat mi ee$55a, and K{':llmucxkr irt
Ram177b's tranges, trangerx', rirdi ar- Mun589b't o get married( of a woman)( i.e.t o go
awayi n an unknownd irection)'.
1371E YUA lrnrJ 9 'Ngkar'tg,y lar Inr 572'Ngkatl anguageN, gkars peech'a, ngarH er40:80,
HerL93 fianguageo f the Mongolics peakingY ugur]. Both the velar k and the initial
cluster suggesta Tibetan origur, but there is no convincinge tymology.A phonetically
possibleo rigin might be LI mgar-baJ ii9Oa'smith',Das?32'iad , someoneo f a low cast'.
However,t he EYu clan nameU qwara8 159 matchesth e local Amdd pronunciationo f LI
mgar-bab etter.A n equallyu ncertaina ltemativem ightb e mGar,t he nameo f a prominent
Tibetan family, cf. LI mgar Ja90a'n . of a noted craftyv izier of the king Srontsangampo',
Amdo Gcr Roell3 'counselloor f Srong-tsegna m-poe, xiledi n Kuku-nor'.N ote thatrll<nr
is only useda s the nameo f the languagen, ot as an ethnonyma, lthoughH ermanns
speatso f the Angar'.
[38] WYUt ykarfdz' MongolicYugurlanguagiqel'u, rlarLL4la'id'eEYu yl<arlarl37l;
note that iylur, too, is only useda s the nameo f the languagen, ot as an ethnonym.T his
WYu form is alsoa ffestedin the meaning'iylurl22a'muddledc,o nfused'2, T448,2T3822
'tydar
'fool, idiot; clumsy,s tupid', Mtl4a'other, different'.A homonymi s'iylcar'pianniu
(offspring of a bull and a yak-cow)',c f. L22a:Da'calf of a pianniu' atlt cgar-baJ i$3a
'a mixedb reedo f cattle,o f.a mdzp [mongrel-breedo f the yak-bulla nd commonc ow] and
a commonc ow, or a bull and amdm-mo ffemalem dzof',a lthought he losso f the last
elementi n WYu is unusual.T his word may havei nspiredf ormationsl ike WYu 'iylcarwa
t8 Chineses pellingsE: ngC'ir,A ngd'ir BJ4.
