Commercial Orchids

322 Pages·2016·2.65 MB·English

by  De L.Ch.

Lakshman Chandra De, Promila Pathak, A.N. Rao, P.K. Rajeevan
Commercial Orchids
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Lakshman Chandra De, Promila
Pathak, A.N. Rao, P.K. Rajeevan
Commercial
Orchids
Managing Editor: Magdalena Golachowska
Language Editor: Emefa Monu
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Published by De Gruyter Open Ltd, Warsaw/Berlin
Part of Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Munich/Boston
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 license,
which means that the text may be used for non-commercial purposes, provided credit is given to the
author. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/.
Copyright © 2014 Lakshman Chandra De, Promila Pathak, A.N. Rao, P.K. Rajeevan
ISBN (paperback): 978-3-11-042638-0
ISBN (hardcover): 978-3-11-042638-0
e-ISBN: 978-3-11-042640-3
Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche National -
bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data
are available in the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de.
Managing Editor: Magdalena Golachowska
Language Editor: Emefa Monu
www.degruyteropen.com
Cover illustration: © Lakshman Chandra De
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Contents
1 Introduction  1
2 Global Orchid Industry  13
2.1 Global Orchid Trade  13
2.2 Trend in Growth  16
2.2.1 Cymbidium  16
2.2.2 Dendrobium  16
2.2.3 Phalaenopsis   17
2.2.4 Other Tropical Orchids  18
3 Biodiversity, Conservation and Bio-piracy
of Genetic Resources in India  20
3.1 Region Wise Distribution of Orchids  20
3.1.1 Eastern Himalayas and North-Eastern India  20
3.1.1.1 Endemic Orchids  20
3.1.2 North-Western Himalayas  22
3.1.3 Peninsular India   23
3.1.4 Andaman & Nicobar Islands  29
3.2 Conservation of Orchid Genetic Resources  29
3.2.1 Legislative Measures of Conservation  29
3.2.2 In Situ Conservation  30
3.2.2.1 Biosphere Reserve   30
3.2.2.2 National Parks  31
3.2.2.3 Sacred Groves  31
3.2.2.4 Gene Sanctuary  31
3.2.2.5 Individual Trees  31
3.2.3 Ex situ Conservation   33
3.2.3.1 Field Gene Banks  34
3.2.3.2 Botanical Gardens  34
3.2.3.3 Herbal Gardens  34
3.2.3.4 Orchid Seed Gene Bank  34
3.2.3.5 In vitro Conservation  35
3.2.3.6 Cryo-preservation  35
3.3 Bio-piracy  35
3.3.1 Legal Regime Pertaining to Biodiversity and Bio-piracy  36
3.3.1.1 International Law  36
3.3.1.2 Convention on Biological Diversity (1994)  36
3.3.1.3 Cartagena Protocol (2003)  37
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3.3.1.4 Nagoya Protocol (2010)  37
3.3.1.5 CITES 1972  37
3.3.2 Traditional Knowledge (TK) Bio-piracy  37
3.3.2.1 Collection and Use  37
3.3.2.2 Patenting  38
3.3.3 Genetic Resource Bio-piracy  38
3.3.3.1 Collection and Use  38
3.3.3.2 Patenting  38
3.3.4 Measures of Bio-piracy in Some Orchids  38
4 Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Valuable species  40
4.1 Cymbidium, Dendrobium and Vanda  40
4.1.1 Subject  40
4.1.2 Plant Material Required   40
4.1.3 Conduct of Tests   41
4.1.4 Methods and Observations   41
4.1.5 Grouping of Varieties  42
4.1.6 Characteristics and Symbols  42
4.1.7 Explanations on the Table of Characteristics   53
4.2 Phalaenopsis (PVJ, Nov, 2012)   53
4.2.1 Subject   53
4.2.2 Plant Material Required  54
4.2.3 Conduct of Test  54
4.2.4 Methods and Observations  54
4.2.5 Grouping of Varieties   55
4.2.6 Characteristics and Symbols  55
4.2.7 Explanation on the Table of Characteristics  78
4.2.7.1 Guidelines for Recording the Observations of Vegetative and Flowering
Characteristics  78
4.2.7.2 Explanation for Individual Characteristics   78
4.3 Cattleya Lindl. (PVJ, Nov, 2012)  83
4.3.1 Subject   83
4.3.2 Plant Material Required  83
4.3.3 Conduct of Test  83
4.3.4 Methods and Observations  84
4.3.5 Grouping of Varieties   84
4.3.6 Characteristics and Symbols  85
4.3.7 Explanation on the Table of Characteristics  97
4.3.7.1 Guidelines for Recording the Observations of Vegetative and Flowering
Characteristics  97
4.3.7.2 Explanation for Individual Characteristics   97
4.4 Molecular Characterization of Valuable Species  100
4.4.1 Isozyme Analysis  100
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4.4.2 DNA Finger Printing  100
4.4.2.1 Classical Hybridization Based Finger Printing  100
4.4.2.2 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Based Finger Printing  100
4.4.2.2.1 RAPD (Randomly Amplified Polymorhic DNA)  101
4.4.2.2.2 SPAR (Single SSR Primer Amplification Reaction)  101
4.4.2.2.3 DAF (DNA Amplification Fingerprinting)   101
4.4.2.2.4 AP-PCR (Arbitrary Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction)  101
4.4.2.2.5 RAMPO (Randomly Amplified Microsatellite Polymorphisms)  101
4.4.2.2.6 AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism)  101
4.4.2.2.7 ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeat Markers)   101
4.4.2.2.8 Mitochondrial Analysis  102
4.4.2.3 Uses of DNA Finger Printing  102
5 Breeding Approaches for Improved Genotypes  103
5.1 Cytogenetics  103
5.2 Pollination and Fertilization   103
5.3 Natural Hybridization  104
5.4 Artificial Hybridization  105
5.4.1 Bigeneric Hybrids  105
5.4.2 Trigeneric Hybrids   106
5.4.3 Tetrageneric Hybrids  107
5.4.4 Pentageneric Hybrids  107
5.4.5 Hexageneric Hybrids  107
5.5 Mutagenesis  107
5.6 Breeding Objectives  108
5.7 Selection of Parents  108
5.8 Compatibility Analysis  109
5.9 Breeding of Hybrids  109
5.9.1 Cattleya   109
5.9.2 Cymbidium  110
5.9.3 Dendrobium  111
5.9.4 Odontoglossum   112
5.9.5 Oncidium  112
5.9.6 Paphiopedilum  113
5.9.7 Phalaenopsis  113
5.9.8 Vanda  114
5.10 Polyploidy Breeding  115
5.11 Genetic Engineering   116
6 Production of Quality Planting Materials  118
6.1 Division  118
6.2 Back Bulbs  118
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6.3 Cuttings   118
6.4 Air layering   119
6.5 Keiki  119
6.6 Aerial Shoots  120
6.7 Tubers  120
6.8 Tissue Culture  120
6.8.1 Shoot Tip Culture  121
6.8.2 Meristem –tip Culture  121
6.9 Seed Culture  121
6.9.1 Flasking and Reflasking of Protocorms   122
6.9.2 Composting and Repotting Seedlings  123
6.10 Production of Disease Free Planting Materials Through Micro-
Propagation  123
7 Physiology of Temperate and Tropical Orchids  124
7.1 Leaves   124
7.2 Stem and Roots   125
7.2.1 Monopodial  125
7.2.2 Sympodial  125
7.2.3 Terrestrial orchids  125
7.3 Flower   125
7.4 Pollination  126
7.5 Fruits and Seeds  127
7.6 Photosynthesis  127
7.6.1 C-Photosynthesis  127
3
7.6.2 C -Photosynthesis:  127
4
7.6.3 Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM)  127
7.7 CO Enrichment and Orchid Growth  128
2
7.7.1 Practical Aspects of CO Enrichment  128
2
7.8 Growth Physiology Stages in Cymbidium Orchids  129
7.8.1 Stage I: Flower Bud Initiation in the New Growth   129
7.8.2 Stage II: Flower Spike Initiation   130
7.8.3 Stage III: Spike Elongation and Blooming   131
7.9 Conclusions & Extensions  131
7.10 Orchid Pseudobulbs – A Genuine Importance in Orchid Growth and
Survival  132
7.10.1 Pseudobulbs – As Water Storage Organs  132
7.10.2 Pseudobulbs – As Mineral Storage Organs  133
7.10.3 Pseudobulb Photosynthesis  133
7.10.4 Pseudobulbs – as Carbohydrate Storage Organs  134
7.10.5 The Absence of a ‘Flag’ Leaf’ – an Apparent Anomaly Due to the
Pseudobulb  135
7.10.6 Pseudobulbs and Myrmecophily  135
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8 Climate Change and its Impact on Orchid Productivity  138
8.1 Impact of Climate Change (Mitchell and Tanner, 2006)  138
8.1.1 Agriculture  138
8.1.2 Water Resources  138
8.1.3 Forests   139
8.1.4 Biodiversity  139
8.1.5 Weather Extremes  139
8.1.6 Sea Levels and Coastal Areas  139
8.1.7 Human Population  139
8.1.8 Human Health  139
8.2 Actions  140
8.3 Challenges   141
8.3.1 Biodiversity and Conservation   141
8.3.2 Genetic Improvement  142
8.3.3 Frontier Science Technologies In Orchid Research and
Development   142
8.3.4 Management of Natural Resources  143
8.3.5 Post Harvest and Value Addition  143
8.3.6 Bio-Risk Management  143
8.3.7 Policies  144
8.3.8 Transfer of Technology  144
8.4 Impact Assessment  144
9 Production Technology of Commercial Epiphytic
Orchids for Cut flowers  149
9.1 Cymbidium (Orchidaceae)  149
9.1.1 Introduction  149
9.1.2 Botanical Description  149
9.1.3 Classification  150
9.1.4 World Scenario  150
9.1.5 Importance and Uses  151
9.1.5.1 Cut flowers  151
9.1.5.2 Potted Plants  151
9.1.5.3 Hanging Baskets  152
9.1.5.4 Herbal Medicines  152
9.1.5.5 Stylish Packaging   152
9.1.6 Varieties (De, 2014)  152
9.1.7 Growing Requirements  153
9.1.7.1 Light  153
9.1.7.2 Temperature  153
9.1.7.3 Propagation  153
9.1.7.4 Watering  154
9.1.7.5 Relative Humidity   154
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