Commercial energy auditing reference handbook

717 Pages·2011·86.766 MB·English

by  Doty, Steve

CommerCial
energy auditing
referenCe Handbook
2nd Edition

C
ommerCial
e a
nergy uditing
Reference Handbook
2nd Edition
Steve Doty, PE, CEM
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Doty, Steve.
Commercial energy auditing reference handbook / Steve Doty. -- 2nd ed.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN-10: 0-88173-648-1 (alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-88173-649-X (electronic)
ISBN-13: 978-1-4398-5197-5 (Taylor & Francis : alk. paper)
1. Buildings--Energy conservation. 2. Energy auditing. I. Title.
TJ163.5.B84D68 2010
658.2’6--dc22
2010037708

Commercial Energy Auditing Reference Handbook / Steve Doty. -- 2nd ed.
©2011 by The Fairmont Press. All rights reserved. No part of this publication
may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Published by The Fairmont Press, Inc.
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tel: [phone]; fax: [phone]
http://www.fairmontpress.com
Distributed by Taylor & Francis Ltd.
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Distributed by Taylor & Francis Ltd.
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E-mail: [email protected]
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
10: 0-88173-648-1 (The Fairmont Press, Inc.)
13: 978-1-4398-5197-5 (Taylor & Francis Ltd.)
While every effort is made to provide dependable information, the publisher,
authors, and editors cannot be held responsible for any errors or omissions.
This is for Bill Feldmann
v

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................xxi
USER GUIDE ................................................................................................xxiii
SUGGESTED REFERENCES .......................................................................xxv
SECTION I—SPECIFIC INFORMATION
Chapter 1—BENCHMARKING ......................................................................3
Differentiating by Energy Source ....................................................................3
Energy Use Intensity .........................................................................................4
Limitations of EUI ..................................................................................... 4
Calculating EUI ..........................................................................................4
Mixed EUI ...................................................................................................5
Production EUI ...........................................................................................5
EUI Adjustment for Occupancy ...............................................................6
Energy End Use Distribution ..........................................................................6
Energy End Use Variations over Time ...........................................................7
Energy Cost as a Percent of Total Operating Cost ........................................7
Limitations of Using Benchmark Data ...........................................................8
Chapter 2—ANALYZING ENERGY USE GRAPHS ....................................9
Intuitive Information ........................................................................................9
Year by Year Comparisons .............................................................................10
Weather Dependence ......................................................................................13
Load Factor ......................................................................................................15
Business Volume (Production Rates) ............................................................17
Savings Opportunities ....................................................................................19
Chapter 3—ENERGY SAVING OPPORTUNITIES
BY BUSINESS TYPE .................................................................................23
PBA Concept ....................................................................................................23
Energy End Use Pies .......................................................................................24
Apartment Buildings / Multi-Family / Dormitories ................................37
Churches / Worship .......................................................................................39
Data Centers .....................................................................................................40
Education—Colleges and Universities ........................................................40
Education—Schools K-12 ...............................................................................43
Food Sales—Grocery Stores ...........................................................................45
Food Service / Restaurant .............................................................................46
vii
Health Care—Hospital. ..................................................................................48
Health Care—Non Hospital ..........................................................................50
Laundries—Commercial ................................................................................51
Libraries / Museums ......................................................................................52
Lodging / Hotels / Motels ............................................................................54
Office Buildings ...............................................................................................57
Retail / Sales ....................................................................................................59
Warehouses ......................................................................................................61
Pools ...... ...........................................................................................................62
Ice Rinks ...........................................................................................................64
Specific Sub-Systems ......................................................................................66
Boilers .........................................................................................................66
Chillers .......................................................................................................67
High Rise ...................................................................................................67
Variable Air Volume Systems .................................................................68
Chapter 4—MANUFACTURING .................................................................69
Process Analysis ..............................................................................................69
Desire for Energy Use to Follow Production Rates ....................................71
Primary Energy Use Sources .........................................................................72
Production Scheduling ...................................................................................72
Maintenance .....................................................................................................72
Controls . ..........................................................................................................72
Some Common ECMs for Manufacturing ...................................................73
Process Boilers, Furnaces, Ovens, and other
Combustion Heating Systems ...........................................................75
Process Chillers .........................................................................................75
Process Cooling Water .............................................................................76
Steam Systems ..........................................................................................76
Compressed Air Systems ........................................................................76
Humidifiers ...............................................................................................76
Plating Tank Covers .................................................................................77
Process Oven Door Seals .........................................................................77
Specific Light Manufacturing ECMs by Process ........................................77
Semi-Conductor Fab Multi-Stage HVAC Tempering ..........................77
Hot Asphalt Mix Plants ...........................................................................77
Pre-Mix Concrete Plants ..........................................................................78
Waste Water Treatment Plants ................................................................79
Forging, Stamping, Machining ...............................................................79
Heat Treating / Tempering / Reducing Ovens ...................................79
viii
Brewing ......................................................................................................80
Clean Rooms and other Year-Round Cooling Loads ..........................80
Plating, Coating ........................................................................................80
Light Manufacturing / Assembly / Warehousing ..............................81
Dairy Processing / Pasteurizing ............................................................81
Printing ......................................................................................................81
Injection Molding .....................................................................................81
Refrigerated Food Processing .................................................................82
Refrigerated Warehouse ..........................................................................82
Combination Office / Sales / Warehouse Facilities ............................82
Chapter 5—ECM DESCRIPTIONS ...............................................................83
ECM Descriptions—Envelope .......................................................................83
Envelope Leaks—Infiltration ..................................................................83
Exterior Color ............................................................................................84
Cool Roof ...................................................................................................84
Insulation ...................................................................................................85
Window Upgrade .....................................................................................85
Window Shading ......................................................................................85
Light Harvesting ......................................................................................86
ECM Descriptions—Lighting ........................................................................86
Lighting Retrofit: T-12 Magnetic to T-8 Electronic Ballast ..................86
Lighting Retrofit: Super T-8 with Low Factor Electronic Ballast .......87
Lighting Retrofit: High Bay HID to High Bay Fluorescent ................87
Lighting Retrofit: Incandescent to Compact Fluorescent (CFL) .......87
Reflectors ...................................................................................................87
De-Lamping ..............................................................................................88
LED Lighting—Emerging Technology ..................................................88
ECM Descriptions—HVAC ...........................................................................90
Seal Air Duct Leaks ..................................................................................90
Correct Control Valves Leaking By Internally .....................................91
Insulate Piping and Valves ......................................................................91
Lower Chilled Water Condensing Temperature ..................................91
Raise Chilled Water Evaporating Temperature ...................................91
Air-Side Economizer ................................................................................91
Water-Side Economizer ...........................................................................92
Water Economizer vs. Air Economizer .................................................93
Angled Filters Instead of Flat Filters .....................................................97
Bag Filters instead of Cartridge Filters ..................................................97
Multi-Zone Conversion to VAV..............................................................97
ix
Multi-Zone: VAV Conversion Using Existing Zone Dampers ..........97
Multi-Zone Conversion to Texas Multi-Zone.......................................97
Dual Duct Conversion to Separate
Hot Deck and Cold Deck Fans ..........................................................98
Spot Cooling ..............................................................................................98
De-Stratification ........................................................................................98
Evaporative Pre-Cooling for Air-Cooled Condensers ......................100
Adiabatic Humidification .....................................................................102
Adjacent Air-Cooled Equipment Too Closely Spaced ......................103
Constant Speed to Variable Speed Pumping Conversion ................103
Constant Volume to Variable Air Volume Conversion .....................104
Constant Volume Terminal Reheat to VAV Reheat Conversion ......105
Testing Adjusting and Balancing (TAB) ..............................................105
Remove Inlet Vanes or Discharge Dampers .......................................106
Lower VAV Duct Static Pressure Control Setting ..............................106
Reduce Resistance in Distribution Ducts and Pipes .........................107
Correcting Bad Duct Fittings, Entrance Losses, Exit Losses ............109
Indoor Cooling Tower Sump .................................................................110
ECM Descriptions—Boilers and District Heating .....................................110
Note on Condensing Hot Water Boilers ...............................................110
Distributed Heating Instead of District Heating ................................111
Jockey Boilers ...........................................................................................113
Stack Dampers .........................................................................................114
Boiler Isolation Valves ............................................................................115
Boiler Combustion Fan Control ............................................................116
Boiler Economizers .................................................................................116
Preheat Combustion Air (Economizer) ................................................117
Preheat Feed Water (Economizer) .........................................................117
Lower Steam Pressure ............................................................................117
Lower Boiler Excess Air..........................................................................118
ECM Descriptions—Swimming Pools ........................................................118
Pool Covers ..............................................................................................118
Reduce Pool Evaporation .......................................................................118
Recommended Pool Water and Air Temperatures .............................118
Pool Evaporation Facts ...........................................................................119
ECM Descriptions—Heat Recovery ...........................................................120
Heat Recovery Viability Test .................................................................120
Heat Recovery Application Notes .......................................................121
Exhaust–to-Make up Air .......................................................................121
Rejected Heat-to-Make up Water .........................................................122
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