Table Of ContentCOMBUSTION DIAGNOSTICS BY
NONINTRUSIVE METHODS
Edited by
T. D. McCay
NASA Marshall Space Flight Center
Marshall Space Flight Center, Alabama
J. A. Roux
The University of Mississippi
University, Mississippi
Volume 92
PROGRESS IN
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS
Martin Summerfield, Series Editor-in-Chief
Princeton Combustion Research Laboratories, Inc.
Monmouth Junction, New Jersey
Technical papers selected from the AIAA 21st Aerospace Sciences
Meeting, January 1983, and the AIAA 18th Thermophysics Conference,
June 1983, and subsequently revised for this volume.
Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc.
1633 Broadway, New York, N.Y. 10019
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc.
New York, New York
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Combustion diagnostics by nonintrusive methods.
(Progress in astronautics and aeronautics; v. 92)
Technical papers selected from AIAA 21st Aerospace Sciences
Meeting, January 1983, and the AIAA 18th Thermophysics Conference,
June 1983, and subsequently revised for this volume.
Includes index.
1. Combustion-Congresses. I. McCay, T. D. II. Roux, J. A.
III. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, IV. Series.
TL507.P75 vol. 92 629.1 s (621.402'3) 84-12425
(QD516)
ISBN 0-915928-86-8
Copyright © 1984 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astro-
nautics, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or tran-
smitted, in any form or by any means, or stored in any data base or
retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics
Series Editor-in-Chief
Martin Summerfield
Princeton Combustion Research Laboratories, Inc.
Series Associate Editors
Burton I. Edelson Alien E.Fuhs
National Aeronautics Naval Postgraduate School
and Space Administration
J. Leith Potter
Vanderbilt University
Norma J. Brennan Camille S. Koorey
Director, Editorial Department Series Managing Editor
AIAA AIAA
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Table of Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Chapter I. C A R S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1
CARS Diagnostics of High Pressure and Temperature Gases. ....... 3
J.H. Stufflebeam, R.J. Hall, and J.F. Verdieck
United Technologies Research Center, East Hartford, Connecticut
CARS Thermometry and N Number-Density Measurments in a
2
Turbulent Diffusion Flame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 24
L.P. Goss, D.D. Trump, G.L. Switzer, and E.G. MacDonald,
Systems Research Laboratories, Inc., Dayton, Ohio
Comparison of CARS Combustion Temperatures with
Standard Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 45
R.R. Antcliff, Systems Research Laboratories, Inc., Dayton, Ohio and
O. Jarrett Jr., NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia
Electronically Resonant CARS Detection of OH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 58
J.F. Verdieck, R.J. Hall, and A.C. Eckbreth,
United Technologies Research Center, East Hartford, Connecticut
Simultaneous CARS and Luminosity Measurements in a Bluff-Body
Combustion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 82
G.L. Switzer, D.D. Trump, and L.P. Goss, Systems Research
Laboratories, Inc., Dayton, Ohio, and W.M. Roquemore,
R.P. Bradley, J.S. Stutrud, and C.M. Reeves, Air Force Wright
Aeronautical Laboratories, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio
Chapter II. Laser-Induced Fluorescence. ................. 105
Nonintrusive Pressure Measurements with Laser-Induced Iodine
Fluorescence.......................................... 107
J.C. McDaniel, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
Laser-Induced Schlieren Effect in Sodium-Nitrogen Mixtures. ..... 132
J.W.L. Lewis and J.D. Selman, The University of Tennessee
Space Institute, Tullahoma, Tennessee
vi
Use of Laser-Induced Fluorescence for Fundamental Gas-Phase
Kinetic Measurements................................... 147
A. Fontijn, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
Chapter III. Particle Diagnostics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 175
Nonintrusive Laser-Based Particle Diagnostics - Invited Review..... 177
E.D. Hirleman, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
Interpretation of Optical Measurements of Soot in Flames ......... 208
R.A. Dobbins, R.J. Santoro, and H.G. Semerjian, National Bureau
of Standards, Washington, D.C.
In Situ Measurement of the Complex Refractive Index of Combustion
Generated Particulates .................................. 238
E.A. Powell and B.T. Zinn, Georgia Institute of Technology,
Atlanta, Georgia
Chapter IV. Combustion Diagnostics Applications ......... 253
Temperature and Concentration Measurements in an Internal
Combustion Engine Using Laser Raman Spectroscopy .......... 255
A. zur Loye and D.A. Santavicca, Princeton University,
Princeton, New Jersey
Rayleigh Thermometry with Low-Power Laser Sources ........... 270
D. Benhachmi, N. Younes, H. Yakout, P.E. Emmerman, and
R. Goulard, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C.
Laser Tomography for Simultaneous Concentration and
Temperature Measurement in Reacting Flows ................. 300
S.R. Ray and H.G. Semerjian, National Bureau of Standards,
Washington, D. C.
Flow Measurement in a Model Combustion Chamber............. 325
P. Magre, J. Labbe, and G. Collin, ONERA, Chdtillion, France
Author Index for Volume 92............................ 342
List of Series Volumes................................. 343
Table of Contents for Companion Volume 91
Chapter I. Contamination Overview.......................................... 1
Improved Methods for Characterizing Material-Induced
Contamination ................................................................. 3
A.P.M. Glassford, R.A. Osiecki, and C.K. Liu,
Lockheed Palo Alto Research Laboratories, Palo Alto,
California and M. Hitchcock, Air Force Materials Laboratory,
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio
Potential for Cross Contamination for Payloads in the
STS Bay...................................................................... 29
R.G. Moss, Ford Aerospace and Communications Corporation,
Palo Alto, California
Chapter II. Sources and Prevention of Contamination............................ 37
Debris from Spallation of Foam Insulation of Cryogenic
Fuel Tanks in Space Launch Sytems................................................ 39
E.P. del Casal, Energy Incorporated, Idaho Falls, Idaho
Particle Dispersion around a Spacecraft ............................................... 54
A.L. Lee, Lockheed Missiles & Space Company, Inc.,
Sunnyvale, California
Impact of the STS Ground/Launch Particle Contamination
Environment on an Optical Sensor................................................. 73
L.E. Bareiss and F.J. Jarossy, Martin Marietta
Denver Aerospace, Denver, Colorado
Analysis of Contamination Degradation of Thermal Control
Surfaces on Operational Satellites.................................................. 96
J.E. Ahern, R.L. Belcher, and R.D. Ruff, Aerojet
ElectroSystems Company, Azusa, California
Abatement of Gaseous and Particulate Contamination in a
Space Instrument.............................................................. 108
J.J. Scialdone, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center,
Greenbelt, Maryland
Chapter III. Properties and Effects of Contamination ........................... 137
Infrared Optical Properties of Thin CO,NO, CH4, HC1, N2O,
O2, N2, and Ar Cryofilms....................................................... 139
B.E. Wood, Calspan Field Services, Inc., Arnold Air Force
Station, Tennessee, and J.A. Roux, University of Mississippi,
Oxford, Mississippi
Infrared Optical Properties of Solid Mixtures of Molecular
Species at 20 K ............................................................... 162
K.F. Palmer, Westminster College, Fulton, Missouri, J.A. Roux
University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi, and B.E. Wood, Calspan
Field Services, Inc., Arnold Air Force Station, Tennessee
Measurements of Infrared Optical Properties of A12O3 Rocket
Particles..................................................................... 180
W.L. Konopka, R.A. Reed, and V.S. Calia, Grumman
Aerospace Corporation, Bethpage, New York
Improvements in Rocket Engine Nozzle and High Altitude Plume
Computations ................................................................ 197
S.D. Smith, Lockheed Huntsville Research & Engineering Center,
Huntsville, Alabama
vii
VIM
a/€ Measurements of Thermal Control Coatings over Four Years
sH
at Geosynchronous Altitude ..................................................... 215
D.F. Hall and A.A. Fote, The Aerospace Corporation,
El Segundo, California
Calorimetric Measurements of Thermal Control Surfaces on
Operational Satellites........................................................... 235
J.E. Ahern and K. Karperos, Aerojet ElectroSystems Company,
Azusa, California
Experimental Investigation of Bipropellant Exhaust Plume
Flowfield, Heating, and Contamination and Comparison
with the CONTAM Computer Model Predictions .................................. 261
H. Trinks, Technical University, Hamburg-Harburg, Hamburg,
Federal Republic of Germany and R.J. Hoffman, Science
Applications, Inc., Los Angeles, California
Particle Sampling of Solid Rocket Motor Exhausts in
High-Altitude Test Cells ........................................................ 293
P.T. Girata Jr. and W.K. McGregor, Sverdrup Technology, Inc./AEDC Group,
Arnold Air Force Station, Tennessee
Postfire Sampling of Solid Rocket Motors for Contamination
Sources in High-Altitude Test Cells ............................................... 312
P.T. Girata Jr. and W.K. McGregor, Sverdrup Techology,
Inc. IAEDC Group, Arnold Air Force Station, Tennessee
Preface
This book represents a break with the tradition of previous
thermophysics volumes by highlighting papers in only one fun-
damental subject area - combustion diagnostics by nonintrusive
spectroscopic methods. Previous volumes have usually presented a
broad selection of papers from AIAA thermophysics sessions,
representing the spectrum of current research interests. The focus
here is of current research interest in its own right, and the
techniques being developed are finding broad acceptance as standard
tools within the combustion and thermophysics research com-
munities. The papers selected cover both research currently being
conducted with these nonintrusive techniques and recent advances in
the techniques themselves.
This volume outlines the state-of-the-art of two basic techniques -
coherent antistokes Raman scattering (CARS) and laser-induced
fluorescence (LIF)-and it demonstrates current diagnostic
capabilities in two application areas, particle and combustion
diagnostics. The ultimate goals for the techniques are to correctly
diagnose gas and particle properties in the flowfields of interest. The
need to develop nonintrusive techniques is apparent for all flow
regimes, but it becomes of particular concern for the subsonic
combustion flows so often of interest in thermophysics research.
Thus, this volume contains scientific descriptions of the methods for
making such measurements, primarily the measurement of gas
temperature and pressure and of particle size .
The papers in this volume were drawn from the thermophysics
sessions of the AIAA 21st Aerospace Sciences Meeting in Reno,
Nevada in January 1983 and the AIAA 18th Thermophysics Con-
ference in Montreal, Canada in June 1983. The papers selected were
reviewed, revised, updated, and organized into four chapters
covering CARS, LIF, particle diagnostics, and combustion
diagnostic applications.
Chapter I contains five papers devoted to the development and
application of CARS to combustion systems. Stufflebeam, Hall,
and Verdieck discuss some of the practical aspects of CARS ther-
mometry for high-pressure combustion systems and develop
collisional narrowing models for proper interpretation of spectral
data. Goss, Trump, Switzer, and MacDonald apply the CARS
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