Combination of advenced oxidation processes and biological...

262 Pages·2007·4.71 MB·English

by  Julia García Montaño

UNIVERSITAT AUTÒNOMA DE BARCELONA
FACULTAT DE CIÈNCIES
DEPARTAMENT DE QUÍMICA

COMBINATION OF ADVANCED OXIDATION
PROCESSES AND BIOLOGICAL TREATMENTS FOR
COMMERCIAL REACTIVE AZO DYES REMOVAL

JULIA GARCÍA MONTAÑO PhD THESIS 2007
SUPERVISED BY JOSÉ PERAL PÉREZ
AND FRANCESC TORRADES CARNÉ
COMBINATION OF ADVANCED OXIDATION
PROCESSES AND BIOLOGICAL TREATMENTS FOR
COMMERCIAL REACTIVE AZO DYES REMOVAL

Memoria presentada por Julia García Montaño para optar al
grado de Doctora en Química

Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
Bellaterra, Junio de 2007
José Peral Pérez, Profesor Titular de Universidad del Departament de Química de la
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona,

y

Francesc Torrades Carné, Profesor Titular de Universidad del Departament
d’Enginyeria Química de la ETSEIA de Terrassa, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya,

CERTIFICAMOS:

Que la presente tesis doctoral, con título “Combination of Advanced Oxidation
Processes and Biological Treatments for Commercial Reactive Azo Dyes Removal”, ha
sido realizada bajo nuestra dirección por Julia García Montaño en el Departament de
Química de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona para optar al grado de Doctora en
Química.

Bellaterra, Mayo de 2007

José Peral Pérez Francesc Torrades Carné
A todos los que quiero

Patientia et labor omnia vincit
San Agustín
Agradecimientos
Esta tesis doctoral se ha realizado gracias a la financiación de la Unión Europea
(proyecto EVK1-CT-2002-00122), el Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología (proyecto
PPQ2002-04060-C02-01), el Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (proyecto CTQ2005-
02808) y las becas de movilidad otorgadas por el Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia
(Programa de Acceso y Mejora de Grandes Instalaciones Científicas Españolas,
proyecto GIC-05-17) y la Generalitat de Catalunya (Estades per a la recerca a fora de
Catalunya).
Quiero expresar mi gratitud al Dr. José Peral y al Dr. Francesc Torrades por los
consejos y el tiempo dedicado en la dirección de esta tesis. Asimismo, agradezco el
apoyo, la ayuda y la atención de todos los colegas del Grupo de Fotocatálisis y Química
Verde del Departament de Química de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona.
Particularmente al Dr. Xavier Domènech, al Dr. José Antonio Ayllón, a la Dra. María
Isabel Franch y a María José Farré. Mi especial agradecimiento al Dr. José Antonio
García Hortal del Departament d’Enginyeria Tèxtil i Paperera de la ETSEIA de
Terrassa, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, y al Dr. Manuel Ignacio Maldonado y
colaboradores del Grupo de Química Solar de la Plataforma Solar de Almería.
Sin olvidar a Dystar Hispania, a Ciba Specialty Chemicals y a la estación de
depuración de aguas residuales de Manresa.
Finalmente, gracias a todas aquellas personas que han estado a mi lado alentándome
y apoyándome durante todos estos años.

Julia.
Preface

Nowadays, the remediation of textile effluents containing persistent dyestuffs is still
far away to a satisfactory solution. Consequently, the increased public concern and the
tighter international regulations have challenged the environmental scientists
community to explore new lines to reduce environmental problems associated with such
a wastewaters.
Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) are well known strong technologies for
waste treatment purposes. Though, from an applied point of view, they still require
further advancement and extent. A new promising application field is their integration
with biological treatments, while taking advantage of the individual potentialities of
each other. In this direction, the investigation developed through this doctoral
dissertation deals with the coupling of an AOP –fundamentally the photo-Fenton
process– and a conventional biological treatment to treat solutions polluted with
commercial reactive azo dyes.
ii COMBINATION OF AOPS AND BIOLOGICAL TREATMENTS FOR COMMERCIAL REACTIVE AZO DYES REMOVAL
The memory, presented as a compendium of publications, is divided in the
following chapters: Introduction, Goal and Scope of the Work, Materials and Methods,
Results and Discussion, Concluding Remarks and Annexes.
The Introduction chapter highlights those aspects more significant for the present
experimental work understanding. The main topics regarding reactive dyes and textile
effluents, the conventional biological treatments, the AOPs used in this work, as well as
the different likely AOPs-biological coupling strategies have been described. The
chapter concludes with a brief introduction to the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) as a
tool for quantitative evaluation of the environmental repercussion of processes, such as
AOP based treatments.
The Goal and Scope of the Work outlines the main scope and aims of this thesis.
The Materials and Methods chapter has been included into the memory in order to
extend and detail the experimental section of publications, thus facilitating repeatability
and further research in this application field.
The Results and Discussion chapter comprises the following five interrelated
publications. The issue begins with an overview of the various studies –including
unpublished results– emphasising major results and accomplished goals.
Decolourisation and mineralisation of homo- and hetero-bireactive dyes
under Fenton and photo-Fenton conditions
Coloration Technology, 120 (2004) 188-194
Decolorization and mineralization of commercial reactive dyes under solar
light assisted photo-Fenton conditions
Solar Energy, 77 (2004) 573-581
Degradation of Procion Red H-E7B reactive dye by coupling a photo-
Fenton system with a sequencing batch reactor
Journal of Hazardous Materials, 134 (2006) 220-229
Combining photo-Fenton process with aerobic sequencing batch reactor
for commercial hetero-bireactive dye removal
Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 67 (2006) 86-92
PREFACE iii
Environmental assessment of different photo-Fenton approaches for
commercial reactive dye removal
Journal of Hazardous Materials, 138 (2006) 218-225
Following Results and Discussion, the Concluding Remarks chapter lists the general
conclusions drawn from the present work.
Finally, the Annexes encompass several unpublished results as well as some useful
supporting information. The unpublished results include the below works submitted for
publication. The first of them has been developed during a research stay at the
Plataforma Solar de Almería (PSA, Spain).
Pilot plant scale reactive dyes degradation by solar photo-Fenton and
biological processes
The testing of several biological and chemical coupled treatments for
Cibacron Red FN-R azo dye removal
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of Contents

ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS.......................................................................................I

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1

1.1. REACTIVE DYES........................................................................................................3
1.1.1. Structure of reactive dyes................................................................................4
1.1.2. Dyeing with reactive dyes................................................................................5
1.1.3. Environmental concern of reactive dyes.......................................................8
1.2. TEXTILE WASTEWATERS.........................................................................................9
1.2.1. Nature and environmental impact...................................................................9
1.2.2. Textile wastewater treatments.......................................................................10
1.3. BIOLOGICAL TREATMENTS...................................................................................12
1.3.1. Fundamentals..................................................................................................12
1.3.2. Aerobic treatment............................................................................................14
1.3.3. Anaerobic treatment.......................................................................................16
1.3.4. Biological systems..........................................................................................18
1.3.4.1. Suspended growth systems..........................................................................18
1.3.4.2. Immobilised growth systems.........................................................................19
1.4. ADVANCED OXIDATION PROCESSES (AOPs).....................................................20
1.4.1. Fenton and photo-Fenton processes............................................................22