Colour reproduction in electronic imaging systems : photography, television, cinema

739 Pages·2016·99 MB·English

by  Tooms

MICHAEL S. TOOMS
COLOUR
REPRODUCTION
in Electronic Imaging Systems
Photography • Television • Cinematography

COLOUR REPRODUCTION
IN ELECTRONIC IMAGING
SYSTEMS

COLOUR REPRODUCTION
IN ELECTRONIC IMAGING
SYSTEMS
PHOTOGRAPHY, TELEVISION,
CINEMATOGRAPHY
MichaelSTooms
PrincipalConsultant,MTA,UK
Thiseditionfirstpublished2016
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Tooms,MichaelS.
Colourreproductioninelectronicimagingsystems:photography,television,cinematography/MichaelSTooms.
pagescm
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-1-119-02176-6(cloth)
1.Colordisplaysystems. 2.Colortelevision. 3.Colorcinematography–Equipmentandsupplies. 4.Color
photography–Digitaltechniques. 5.Colorsensitometry(Photography) I.Title. II.Title:Colorreproductionin
electronicimagingsystems.
TK6670.T662016
621.382–dc23
2015019419
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
ISBN:9781119021766
Setin10/12ptTimesbyAptaraInc.,NewDelhi,India
1 2016
Contents
Preface xiii
Acknowledgements xv
AbouttheCompanionWebsite xix
Introductions xxi
TheBook xxi
TheColourReproductionWorkbook xxii
PartOne COLOUR–PERCEPTION,CHARACTERISTICSAND
DEFINITION 1
1 ThePerceptionofColour 3
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 SettingtheScene 3
1.3 CharacterisingtheResponsesoftheEyetoLight 8
1.4 TheThreeCharacteristicsoftheEyeRelevanttoReproduction 10
1.5 TheQuantitativeResponseorTonalRangeoftheEye 10
1.6 TheQualitativeResponseoftheEye 13
2 Mapping,MixingandCategorisingColours 19
2.1 PrimaryColours 19
2.2 ColourMixing 31
2.3 ColourinThreeDimensions 34
2.4 ColourTerminology 37
2.5 CategorisingColours 38
2.6 TheEffectsofIlluminationonthePerceptionofColour 42
PartTwo THEMEASUREMENTANDGENERATIONOFCOLOUR 43
3 APracticalApproachtotheMeasurementofColour 45
3.1 TheFundamentalsofColourMeasurement 45
3.2 ColourMatchingFunctions 46
3.3 MeasuringColourwiththeCMFs 51
3.4 ChromaticityDiagrams 52
vi Contents
4 ColourMeasurementStandardisation–TheCIESystemofColour
Measurement 61
4.1 LimitationsoftheFundamentalApproachtoColourMeasurement 61
4.2 TheCIE 61
4.3 TheCIE1931StandardObserver 62
4.4 TheCIE1931X,Y,ZSystemofColourMeasurement 64
4.5 TransformingtheCIEX,Y,ZParameterstoPerceptuallyRelatedParameters 72
4.6 TheCIE1976UCSDiagram 72
4.7 TheCIE1976(L*,u*,v*)ColourSpace 76
4.8 SurfaceColourswithintheLUVColourSpace 84
4.9 LimitationsoftheLUVColourSpaceasanAccurateColourAppearance
Model 91
5 ColourMeasurementandPerception 97
5.1 ChromaticAdaptation 97
5.2 Metermerism 98
5.3 QuantifyingChromaticAdaptation 102
6 GeneratingColouredLight 105
6.1 Introduction 105
6.2 ThePhysicsofLightGeneration 105
6.3 Incandescence:LightfromHeat–BlackbodyorPlanckianRadiation 106
6.4 ColourTemperature 111
6.5 Luminescence 113
6.6 Electroluminescence 114
6.7 Fluorescence 126
PartThree THECONCEPTSOFCOLOURREPRODUCTION 131
7 SourcesofIllumination 133
7.1 Overview 133
7.2 IlluminantColourRenderingQuality 134
7.3 Daylight 143
7.4 Incandescent-basedLamps 148
7.5 ElectricalDischarge-basedLamps 150
7.6 LEDLamps 155
7.7 SummaryofSourcesofIllumination 158
8 TheEssentialElementsofColourReproduction 161
8.1 TheBasicReproductionSystem 161
8.2 TheCamera 162
8.3 DisplayDevices 165
8.4 ReconcilingMinimumImageResolutionwithMaximumPerceivable
Resolution 171
Contents vii
9 ColorimetryinColourReproduction 175
9.1 TheRelationshipbetweentheDisplayPrimariesandtheCameraSpectral
Sensitivities 175
9.2 TheChoiceofReproductionDisplayPrimaries 177
9.3 DerivationofColourReproductionSystemCameraSpectralSensitivities 181
10 AppraisingtheReproducedImage 185
10.1 Introduction 185
10.2 TheEnvironmentalLighting 186
10.3 ReflectionsfromtheDisplay 187
10.4 ImageSize 187
10.5 ManagingtheViewingEnvironment 187
10.6 SystemDesignParameters 188
PartFour THEFUNDAMENTALSOFCOLOURREPRODUCTION 189
11 SystemWhiteandWhiteBalance 193
11.1 SystemReferenceWhite 193
11.2 WhiteBalance 195
11.3 AdaptingtoSceneswithDifferentIlluminantSPDs 200
12 ColorimetricProcessing 203
12.1 Introduction 203
12.2 ManipulatingtheColourSpace–ChromaticityGamutTransformation 205
12.3 GamutMapping 213
12.4 AColorimetricallyIdealSetofCameraSpectralSensitivities 216
12.5 AnIdealMediaNeutralColourReproductionSystem 222
12.6 UsingSystemPrimariesorDevice-IndependentEncoding 223
13 PreservingTonalRelationships–ToneReproductionandContrastLaws 225
13.1 Introduction 225
13.2 TermsandDefinitions 226
13.3 ContrastRanges 229
13.4 GammaCorrection 238
13.5 StandardorReferenceDisplays 251
13.6 MaskingArtefacts 252
13.7 MatchingtheContrastLawtotheViewingEnvironment 257
13.8 OverallOpto-electroTransferCharacteristicsinActualReproductionSystems 260
13.9 ProducingaGreyscaleTestChart 261
14 StorageandConveyanceofColourSignals–EncodingColourSignals 271
14.1 Introduction 271
14.2 TheImperativesforEncodingRGBColourSignals 272
14.3 SystemCompatibilityandRetentionofColourBalance 275
14.4 ASimpleConstantLuminanceEncodingSystem 280
14.5 ExploitingtheSpatialCharacteristicsoftheEye 282
viii Contents
14.6 APracticalConstantLuminanceSystem 283
14.7 ANon-ConstantLuminanceSystem 285
14.8 TheRamificationsoftheFailureofConstantLuminance 287
15 SpecifyingaColourReproductionSystem 289
15.1 Introduction 289
15.2 DerivingtheSpecifications 289
15.3 ARepresentativeClosedColourReproductionSystemSpecification 291
PartFive THEPRACTICALITIESOFCOLOURREPRODUCTION–
TELEVISION,PHOTOGRAPHYANDCINEMATOGRAPHY 295
PartFiveA COLOURREPRODUCTIONINTELEVISION 299
16 TheTelevisionSystemandtheImageCaptureOperation 301
16.1 TheTelevisionSystemWorkflow 301
16.2 TheTelevisionSystemSignalPath 303
16.3 TheTelevisionStandardsOrganisations 304
17 ABriefHistoryofColourinTelevision 307
17.1 TheBeginnings 307
17.2 TheNTSC,PALandSECAMColourTelevisionSystems 309
17.3 TheIntroductionofDigitalTelevision 324
17.4 TheRiseofHighDefinitionTelevision 329
18 LightingforColourTelevisioninthe2010s 331
18.1 Background 331
18.2 TheEBUTelevisionLightingConsistencyIndex–2012 332
18.3 TheColorCheckerChart 332
18.4 TheTLCIStandardTelevisionReproductionSystemModel 333
18.5 SelectingaColourMetricfortheTLCI(EBUTech3354) 337
18.6 MeasuringtheTLCIofLuminaires(EBUTech3355) 338
19 ColourinTelevisioninthe2010s–TheHighDefinitionColourTelevision
System 341
19.1 TheHighDefinitionSystemSpecification 341
19.2 EvaluatingthePerformanceoftheHDTVSystem 348
19.3 AppraisaloftheRec709Recommendation 357
20 ColourinTelevisioninthe2020s 359
20.1 ThePotentialforImprovedColourReproduction 359
20.2 ColourSpecificationofaPracticalIdealColourTelevisionSystem 360
20.3 AcknowledgingtheRequirementtoExpandtheColourGamut 371
20.4 UHDTV–TheITU-RBT.2020Recommendation 382