Table Of Content

(cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) Color Imaging (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) Color Imaging Fundamentals and Applications Erik Reinhard Erum Arif Khan Ahmet Og˘uz Akyu¨z Garrett Johnson AKPeters,Ltd. Wellesley,Massachusetts (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) Editorial,Sales,andCustomerServiceOffice AKPeters,Ltd. 888WorcesterStreet,Suite230 Wellesley,MA02482 www.akpeters.com Copyright 2008byAKPeters,Ltd. Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthematerialprotectedbythiscopyrightnoticemay bereproducedorutilizedinanyform,electronicormechanical,includingphoto- copying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without writtenpermissionfromthecopyrightowner. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Reinhard,Erik,1968– Colorimaging:fundamentalsandapplications/ErikReinhard...[etal.]. p.cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN:978-1-56881-344-8(alk.paper) 1.Computervision.2.Imageprocessing.3.Colordisplaysystems.4.Color separation.I.Title. TA1634.R452007 621.36’7--dc22 2007015704 PrintedinIndia 1211100908 10987654321 (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) Contents Preface xiii I Principles 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 ColorinNature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2 ColorinSociety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.3 InthisBook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.4 FurtherReading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2 PhysicsofLight 17 2.1 ElectromagneticTheory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.2 Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 2.3 Polarization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 2.4 SpectralIrradiance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 2.5 ReflectionandRefraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 2.6 Birefringence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 2.7 InterferenceandDiffraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 2.8 Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 2.9 GeometricalOptics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 2.10 Application: ImageSynthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 2.11 Application: ModelingtheAtmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . 104 2.12 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 2.13 FurtherReading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 3 ChemistryofMatter 121 3.1 ClassicalPhysics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 3.2 QuantumMechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 3.3 AtomsandIons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 v (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) vi Contents 3.4 Molecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 3.5 SourcesofRadiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 3.6 PolarizationinDielectricMaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 3.7 Dichroism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 3.8 Application: ModelingofFireandFlames . . . . . . . . . . 191 3.9 FurtherReading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 4 HumanVision 199 4.1 OsteologyoftheSkull . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 4.2 AnatomyoftheEye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 4.3 TheRetina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 4.4 TheLateralGeniculateNucleus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 4.5 TheVisualCortex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 4.6 AMulti-StageColorModel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 4.7 AlternativeTheoryofColorVision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 4.8 Application: ModelingaHumanRetina . . . . . . . . . . . 247 4.9 FurtherReading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 5 Perception 251 5.1 Lightness,Brightness,andRelatedDefinitions . . . . . . . . 252 5.2 ReflectanceandIllumination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 5.3 ModelsofColorProcessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 5.4 VisualIllusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 5.5 AdaptationandSensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 5.6 VisualAcuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 5.7 SimultaneousContrast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 5.8 LightnessConstancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 5.9 ColorConstancy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 5.10 Category-BasedProcessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 5.11 ColorAnomalies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 5.12 Application: ShadowRemovalfromImages . . . . . . . . . 309 5.13 Application: GraphicalDesign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 5.14 Application: TellingHumansandComputersApart . . . . . 314 5.15 FurtherReading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 II ColorModels 317 6 RadiometryandPhotometry 319 6.1 TheSensitivityoftheHumanEye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 6.2 RadiometricandPhotometricQuantities . . . . . . . . . . . 322 6.3 TheEfficacyofOpticalRadiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 6.4 Luminance,Brightness,andContrast . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340 (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) Contents vii 6.5 OpticalDetectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 6.6 LightStandards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 6.7 DetectorStandards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 6.8 MeasurementofOpticalRadiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 6.9 VisualPhotometry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356 6.10 Application: MeasuringMaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 6.11 FurtherReading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362 7 Colorimetry 363 7.1 Grassmann’sLaws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364 7.2 VisualColorMatching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366 7.3 Color-MatchingFunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 7.4 CIE1931and1964StandardObservers . . . . . . . . . . . 375 7.5 CalculatingTristimulusValuesandChromaticities . . . . . . 378 7.6 PracticalApplicationsofColorimetry . . . . . . . . . . . . 387 7.7 Application: Iso-LuminantColorMaps . . . . . . . . . . . 397 7.8 FurtherReading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 8 ColorSpaces 405 8.1 RGBColorSpaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 8.2 Printers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418 8.3 Luminance-ChrominanceColorSpaces . . . . . . . . . . . 427 8.4 TelevisionandVideo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430 8.5 Hue-Saturation-LightnessSpaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439 8.6 HVSDerivedColorSpaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444 8.7 ColorOpponentSpaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448 8.8 ColorDifferenceMetrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459 8.9 ColorOrderSystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465 8.10 Application: ColorTransferbetweenImages . . . . . . . . . 467 8.11 Application: Color-to-GrayConversion . . . . . . . . . . . 474 8.12 Application: Rendering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478 8.13 Application: RenderingandColor-MatchingPaints . . . . . 480 8.14 Application: ClassificationofEdges . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484 8.15 FurtherReading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490 9 Illuminants 491 9.1 CIEStandardIlluminantsandSources . . . . . . . . . . . . 491 9.2 ColorTemperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503 9.3 Color-RenderingIndex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508 9.4 CIEMetamerismIndex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512 9.5 DominantWavelength. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514 9.6 ExcitationPurity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517 9.7 ColorimetricPurity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517 (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) viii Contents 9.8 Application: ModelingLight-EmittingDiodes . . . . . . . . 518 9.9 Application: EstimatingtheIlluminantinanImage . . . . . 520 9.10 FurtherReading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524 10 ChromaticAdaptation 525 10.1 ChangesinIllumination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526 10.2 MeasuringChromaticAdaptation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530 10.3 MechanismsofChromaticAdaptation . . . . . . . . . . . . 532 10.4 ModelsofChromaticAdaptation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538 10.5 Application: TransformingsRGBColorstoD50foranICC Workflow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553 10.6 Application: WhiteBalancingaDigitalCamera . . . . . . . 555 10.7 Application: Color-AccurateRendering . . . . . . . . . . . 562 10.8 FurtherReading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564 11 ColorandImageAppearanceModels 565 11.1 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566 11.2 ColorAppearancePhenomena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582 11.3 ColorAppearanceModeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591 11.4 ImageAppearanceModeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605 11.5 ApplicationsofColorandImageAppearanceModels . . . . 620 11.6 FurtherReading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629 III DigitalColorImaging 631 12 ImageCapture 633 12.1 OpticalImageFormation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635 12.2 Lenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649 12.3 Aberrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654 12.4 TheDiaphragm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667 12.5 TheShutter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668 12.6 FiltersandCoatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669 12.7 Solid-StateSensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672 12.8 In-CameraSignalProcessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678 12.9 ACameraModel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682 12.10 SensorNoiseCharacteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683 12.11 MeasuringCameraNoise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688 12.12 RadiometricCameraCalibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 694 12.13 LightFieldData . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697 12.14 Holography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701 12.15 FurtherReading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 706 (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) Contents ix 13 HighDynamicRangeImageCapture 709 13.1 Multi-ExposureTechniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710 13.2 ResponseCurveRecovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715 13.3 NoiseRemoval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722 13.4 GhostRemoval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 726 13.5 ImageAlignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733 13.6 SingleCaptureHighDynamicRangeImages . . . . . . . . 734 13.7 DirectHighDynamicRangeCapture . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737 13.8 Application: DrawingPrograms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739 13.9 Application: Image-BasedMaterialEditing . . . . . . . . . 740 13.10 FurtherReading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741 14 DisplayTechnologies 743 14.1 Cathode-RayTubes(CRTs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743 14.2 LiquidCrystalDisplays(LCDs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746 14.3 TransflectiveLiquidCrystalDisplays. . . . . . . . . . . . . 767 14.4 PlasmaDisplayPanels(PDPs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 768 14.5 Light-EmittingDiode(LED)Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . 770 14.6 OrganicLight-EmittingDiodeDisplays . . . . . . . . . . . 772 14.7 FieldEmissionDisplays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775 14.8 Surface-ConductionElectron-EmitterDisplays . . . . . . . 776 14.9 MicrocavityPlasmaDevices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777 14.10 InterferometricModulator(IMOD)Displays . . . . . . . . . 777 14.11 ProjectionDisplays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779 14.12 LiquidCrystalDisplay(LCD)Projectors . . . . . . . . . . . 781 14.13 DigitalLightProcessing(DLP(cid:1)R)Projectors . . . . . . . . . 782 14.14 LiquidCrystalonSilicon(LCoS)Projectors . . . . . . . . . 785 14.15 Multi-PrimaryDisplayDevices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787 14.16 HighDynamicRangeDisplayDevices . . . . . . . . . . . . 791 14.17 ElectronicInk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 794 14.18 DisplayCharacterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 794 14.19 FurtherReading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 803 15 ImagePropertiesandImageDisplay 805 15.1 NaturalImageStatistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806 15.2 DynamicRange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 816 15.3 Cross-MediaDisplay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 827 15.4 GamutMapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833 15.5 GammaCorrection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841 15.6 AmbientLight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 843 (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1)

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This book provides the reader with an understanding of what color is, where color comes from, and how color can be used correctly in many different applications. The authors first treat the physics of light and its interaction with matter at the atomic level, so that the origins of color can be appr
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Color imaging: fundamentals and applications PDF

1041 Pages·2008·16.52 MB·English
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This book provides the reader with an understanding of what color is, where color comes from, and how color can be used correctly in many different applications. The authors first treat the physics of light and its interaction with matter at the atomic level, so that the origins of color can be appr

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