Color Atlas of Biochemistry

476 Pages·2005·13.662 MB·English

by  Jan Koolman, K. Rohm

Color Atlas of
Biochemistry
Second edition, revised and enlarged
Jan Koolman
Professor
Philipps University Marburg
Institute of Physiologic Chemistry
Marburg, Germany
Klaus-Heinrich Roehm
Professor
Philipps University Marburg
Institute of Physiologic Chemistry
Marburg, Germany
215 color plates by Juergen Wirth
Thieme
Stuttgart · New York
IV
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edition: Taschenatlas der Biochemie referencesareinaccordancewiththestateof
knowledge at the time of production of the
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V
About the Authors
Jan Koolman (left) was born in Lübeck, Ger- took his doctorate under the supervision of
many,andgrewupwiththeseawindblowing FriedhelmSchneider,andhispostdoctoralde-
off the Baltic. The high school he attended in greein1980wasintheDepartmentofChem-
the Hanseatic city of Lübeck was one that istry.HehasbeenanHonoraryProfessorsince
focused on providing a classical education, 1986. His research group is concerned with
which left its mark on him. From 1963 to the structure and function of enzymes in-
1969, he studied biochemistry at the Univer- volved in amino acid metabolism. He is mar-
sity of Tübingen. He then took his doctorate ried to a biologist and has two children.
(inthe discipline ofchemistry) at the Univer- JürgenWirth(center)studiedinBerlinandat
sityofMarburg,underthesupervisionofbio- the College of Design in Offenbach, Germany.
chemist Peter Karlson. In Marburg, he began Hisstudiesfocusedonfreegraphicsandillus-
tostudythebiochemistryofinsectsandother tration,andhisdiplomatopicwas“Thedevel-
invertebrates. He took his postdoctoral de- opmentandfunctionofscientificillustration.”
gree in 1977 in the field of human medicine, From1963to1977,JürgenWirthwasinvolved
and was appointed Honorary Professor in in designing the exhibition space in the
1984. His field of study today is biochemical Senckenberg Museum of Natural History in
endocrinology.Hisotherinterestsincludeed- Frankfurt am Main, while at the same time
ucationalmethodsinbiochemistry. Heiscur- working as a freelance associate with several
rently Dean of Studies in the Department of publishing companies, providing illustrations
Medicine in Marburg; he is married to an art for schoolbooks, non-fiction titles, and scien-
teacher. tific publications. He has received several
Klaus-Heinrich Röhm (right) comes from awards for book illustration and design. In
Stuttgart, Germany. After graduating from 1978, he was appointed to a professorship at
the School of Protestant Theology in Urach the College of Design in Schwäbisch Gmünd,
—another institution specializing in classical Germany,andin1986hebecameProfessorof
studies—and following a period working in Design at the Academy of Design in Darm-
the field of physics, he took adiplomain bio- stadt, Germany. His specialist fields include
chemistry at the University of Tübingen, scientific graphics/information graphics and
where the two authors first met. Since 1970, illustration methods. He is married and has
he has also worked in the Department of three children.
Medicine at the University of Marburg. He
VI
Preface
Biochemistry is a dynamic, rapidly growing elements had to be found that make compli-
field, and the goal of this color atlas is to cated phenomena appear tangible. The
illustrate this fact visually. The precise boun- graphics were designed conservatively, the
daries between biochemistry and related aim being to avoid illustrations that might
fields, such as cell biology, anatomy, physiol- look too spectacular or exaggerated. Our
ogy, genetics, and pharmacology, are dif cult goal was to achieve a visual and aesthetic
to define and, in many cases, arbitrary. This wayofrepresentingscientificfactsthatwould
overlap is not coincidental. The object being be simple and at the same time effective for
studied is often the same—a nerve cell or a teaching purposes. Use of graphics software
mitochondrion, for example—and only the helped to maintain consistency in the use of
point of view differs. shapes,colors,dimensions,andlabels,inpar-
For a considerable period of its history, bio- ticular. Formulae and other repetitive ele-
chemistry was strongly influenced by chem- mentsandstructurescouldbehandledeasily
istry and concentrated on investigating met- and preciselywith the assistance of the com-
abolic conversions and energy transfers. Ex- puter.
plaining the composition, structure, and me- Color-codinghasbeenusedthroughouttoaid
tabolism of biologically important molecules thereader,and the keytothisisgivenintwo
has alwaysbeen in the foreground. However, special color plates on the front and rear in-
new aspects inherited from biochemistry’s sidecovers.Forexample,inmolecularmodels
other parent, the biological sciences, are each of the more important atoms has a par-
now increasingly being added: the relation- ticularcolor:grayforcarbon,whiteforhydro-
ship between chemical structure and biolog- gen, blue for nitrogen, red for oxygen, and so
ical function, the pathways of information on. The different classes of biomolecules are
transfer, observance of the ways in which also distinguished by color: proteins are al-
biomoleculesarespatiallyandtemporallydis- waysshowninbrowntones,carbohydratesin
tributedincellsandorganisms,andanaware- violet, lipids inyellow, DNA in blue, and RNA
ness of evolution as a biochemical process. in green. In addition, specific symbols are
Thesenewaspectsofbiochemistryarebound used for the important coenzymes, such as
to become more and more important. ATP and NAD+. The compartments in which
Owing to space limitations, we have concen- biochemical processes take place are color-
trated here on the biochemistry of humans coded as well. For example, the cytoplasm is
and mammals, although the biochemistry of showninyellow,whiletheextracellularspace
other animals, plants, and microorganisms is is shaded in blue. Arrows indicating a chem-
no less interesting. In selecting the material ical reaction are always black and those rep-
for this book, we have put the emphasis on resenting a transport process are gray.
subjects relevant to students of human med- In terms of the visual clarity of its presenta-
icine.Themainpurposeoftheatlasistoserve tion, biochemistry has still to catch up with
asanoverviewandtoprovidevisualinforma- anatomy and physiology. In this book, we
tion quickly and ef ciently. Referring to text- sometimesusesimplifiedball-and-stickmod-
books can easily fill any gaps. For readers elsinsteadofthe classicalchemicalformulae.
encountering biochemistry for the first time, In addition, anumberof compoundsare rep-
someoftheplatesmaylookrathercomplex.It resented by space-filling models. In these
mustbe emphasized, therefore, thattheatlas cases, we have tried to be as realistic as pos-
is not intended as a substitute for a compre- sible. The models of small molecules are
hensive textbook of biochemistry. based on conformations calculated by com-
As the subject matter is often dif cult to vis- puter-based molecular modeling. In illustrat-
ualize, symbols, models, and other graphic ingmacromolecules,weusedstructuralinfor-
Preface VII
mation obtained by X-ray crystallography We are grateful to many readers for their
that is stored in the Protein Data Bank. In comments and valuable criticisms during the
naming enzymes, we have followed the of - preparationofthisbook.Ofcourse,wewould
cial nomenclature recommended by the also welcome further comments and sugges-
IUBMB. For quick identification, EC numbers tionsfromour readers.
(in italics) are included with enzyme names.
To help students assess the relevance of the
material(whilepreparingforanexamination, August 2004
for example), we have included symbols on
thetextpagesnexttothesectionheadingsto
indicate how important each topic is. A filled Jan Koolman,
circle stands for “basic knowledge,” a half- Klaus-Heinrich Röhm
filled circle indicates “standard knowledge,” Marburg
and an empty circle stands for “in-depth
knowledge.” Of course, this classification Jürgen Wirth
only reflects our subjective views. Darmstadt
Thissecond editionwascarefullyrevised and
a significant number of new plates were
added to cover new developments.
VIII
Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Structural proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Globular proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Basics Protein folding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Molecular models: insulin. . . . . . . . . . . 76
Chemistry
Isolation and analysisof proteins . . . . . 78
Periodic table. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids
Molecular structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Bases and nucleotides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Isomerism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 RNA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Biomolecules I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 DNA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Biomolecules II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Molecular models: DNA and RNA . . . . . 86
Chemical reactions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Metabolism
Physical Chemistry
Enzymes
Energetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Basics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Equilibriums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Enzyme catalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Enthalpy and entropy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Enzyme kinetics I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Reaction kinetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Enzyme kinetics II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Catalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Inhibitors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Water asa solvent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Lactate dehydrogenase: structure . . . . . 98
Hydrophobicinteractions. . . . . . . . . . . 28
Lactate dehydrogenase: mechanism . . . 100
Acids and bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Enzymaticanalysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Redox processes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Coenzymes 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Coenzymes 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Biomolecules
Coenzymes 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Carbohydrates Activated metabolites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Metabolic Regulation
Chemistryof sugars. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Intermediary metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Monosaccharides and disaccharides . . . 38
Regulatory mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Polysaccharides: overview . . . . . . . . . . 40
Allosteric regulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Plant polysaccharides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Transcription control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins. 44
Hormonal control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Lipids
Energy Metabolism
Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
ATP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Fatty acids and fats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Energetic coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Phospholipids and glycolipids . . . . . . . 50
Energyconservation at membranes. . . . 126
Isoprenoids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Photosynthesis: light reactions . . . . . . . 128
Steroid structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Photosynthesis: dark reactions . . . . . . . 130
Steroids: overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Molecular models: membrane proteins. 132
Amino Acids Oxoacid dehydrogenases. . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Chemistryand properties. . . . . . . . . . . 58
Tricarboxylicacid cycle: reactions. . . . . 136
Proteinogenicamino acids . . . . . . . . . . 60
Tricarboxylicacid cycle: functions. . . . . 138
Non-proteinogenic amino acids . . . . . . 62
Respiratorychain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Peptides and Proteins ATP synthesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Peptide bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Respiration and fermentation . . . . . . . . 146
Secondary structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Fermentations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Contents IX
Carbohydrate Metabolism Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus
Glycolysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 ER: structure and function. . . . . . . . . . 226
Pentose phosphate pathway. . . . . . . . . 152 Protein sorting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Gluconeogenesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Protein synthesis and maturation . . . . 230
Glycogen metabolism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Protein maturation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Lysosomes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Diabetes mellitus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Lipid Metabolism Molecular Genetics
Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Fatty acid degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Genome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Minor pathways of fatty acid
Replication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Transcription. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Fatty acid synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Transcriptional control . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Biosynthesis of complex lipids . . . . . . . 170
RNA maturation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Biosynthesis of cholesterol . . . . . . . . . . 172
Amino acid activation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Protein Metabolism Translation I: initiation . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Protein metabolism: overview . . . . . . . 174 Translation II: elongation and
Proteolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 termination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Transamination and deamination . . . . . 178 Antibiotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Amino acid degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 Mutation and repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Urea cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Genetic engineering
Amino acid biosynthesis. . . . . . . . . . . . 184
DNA cloning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Nucleotide Metabolism DNA sequencing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Nucleotide degradation. . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 PCR and protein expression. . . . . . . . . 262
Purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis . . . 188 Genetic engineering in medicine . . . . . 264
Nucleotide biosynthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Tissues and organs
Porphyrin Metabolism
Heme biosynthesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 Digestion
Heme degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Digestive secretions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Organelles Digestive processes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Resorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Basics
Structure of cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 Blood
Cell fractionation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 Composition and functions . . . . . . . . . 274
Centrifugation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 Plasma proteins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Cell components and cytoplasm . . . . . . 202 Lipoproteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Hemoglobin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
Cytoskeleton
Gas transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Erythrocyte metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . 284
Structure and functions . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Iron metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Nucleus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Acid–base balance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Mitochondria Blood clotting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Structure and functions . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 Fibrinolysis, blood groups . . . . . . . . . . 292
Transport systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Immune system
Biological Membranes Immune response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
Structure and components . . . . . . . . . . 214 T-cell activation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Functions and composition. . . . . . . . . . 216 Complement system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Transport processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 Antibodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Transport proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 Antibodybiosynthesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Ion channels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 Monoclonal antibodies, immunoassay . 304
Membrane receptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
X Contents
Liver Hydrophilic hormones . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 Metabolism of peptide hormones . . . . . 382
Buffer function in organ metabolism . . 308 Mechanisms of action. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
Carbohydrate metabolism . . . . . . . . . . 310 Second messengers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
Lipid metabolism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 Signal cascades. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
Bile acids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Other signaling substances
Biotransformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Eicosanoids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
Cytochrome P450 systems . . . . . . . . . . 318
Cytokines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
Ethanol metabolism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
Kidney Growth and development
Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
Cell proliferation
Urine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
Cell cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
Functions in the acid–base balance. . . . 326
Apoptosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
Electrolyte and water recycling . . . . . . 328
Oncogenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
Renal hormones. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
Muscle Cytostatic drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
Muscle contraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
Viruses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
Control of muscle contraction. . . . . . . . 334
Metabolic charts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
Muscle metabolism I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
Calvin cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Muscle metabolism II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
Carbohydrate metabolism. . . . . . . . . . . 408
Connective tissue
Biosynthesis of fats and
Bone and teeth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
membrane liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
Calcium metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
Synthesis of ketone bodies and steroids 410
Collagens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
Degradation of fats and phospholipids . 411
Extracellular matrix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
Biosynthesis of the essential
Brain and Sensory Organs amino acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
Signal transmission in the CNS. . . . . . . 348 Biosynthesis of the non-essential
Resting potential and action potential. . 350 amino acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
Neurotransmitters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352 Amino acid degradation I . . . . . . . . . . . 414
Receptorsfor neurotransmitters. . . . . . 354 Amino acid degradation II. . . . . . . . . . . 415
Metabolism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356 Ammonia metabolism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
Sight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358 Biosynthesis of purine nucleotides . . . . 417
Biosynthesis of the pyrimidine nucleotides
Nutrition and C metabolism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
1
Nucleotide degradation. . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
Nutrients
Organicsubstances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 Annotated enzyme list . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
Minerals and trace elements . . . . . . . . 362
Abbreviations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
Vitamins
Quantities and units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
Lipid-soluble vitamins . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
Water-soluble vitaminsI . . . . . . . . . . . 366
Water-soluble vitaminsII. . . . . . . . . . . 368 Source credits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
Hormones
Hormonal system
Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370 Key to color-coding:
Plasma levels and hormone hierarchy. . 372 see front and rear inside covers
Lipophilic hormones. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
Metabolism of steroid hormones . . . . . 376
Mechanism of action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
Chemistry 1
Introduction
This paperback atlas is intended for students The next part presents the reactions
of medicine and the biological sciences. It involved in the interconversion of these
provides an introduction to biochemistry, compounds—the part of biochemistry that is
but with its modular structure it can also be commonly referred to as metabolism
used as a reference book for more detailed (pp.88–195). The section starts with a dis-
information. The 216 color plates provide cussion of the enzymes and coenzymes, and
knowledge in the field of biochemistry, ac- discusses the mechanismsof metabolic regu-
companied by detailed information in the lation and the so-called energy metabolism.
text on the facing page. The degree of dif - After this, the central metabolic pathways
culty of the subject-matter is indicated by arepresented,onceagainarrangedaccording
symbols in the text: to the class of metabolite (pp.150–195).
The second half of the book begins with a
(cid:1) stands for “basic biochemical knowledge”
discussion of the functional compartments
(cid:2) indicates “standard biochemical knowl-
within the cell, the cellular organelles (pp.
edge”
196–235). This is followed on pp.236–265
(cid:3) means“specialistbiochemicalknowledge.”
by the current field of molecular genetics
Some general rules used in the structure of (molecular biology). A further extensive sec-
the illustrations are summed up in two ex- tion is devoted to the biochemistry of
planatory plates inside the front and back individual tissues and organs (pp.266–359).
covers. Keywords, definitions, explanations Here,ithasonlybeenpossibletofocusonthe
ofunfamiliarconceptsandchemicalformulas most important organs and organ systems—
can be found using the index. The book starts the digestive system, blood, liver, kidneys,
with a few basics in biochemistry (pp.2–33). muscles, connective and supportive tissues,
There is a brief explanation of the concepts and the brain.
and principles of chemistry (pp.2–15). These Other topics include the biochemistry of
include the periodic table of the elements, nutrition (pp.360–369), the structure and
chemical bonds, the general rules governing function of important hormones (pp.
molecularstructure,andthestructuresofim- 370–393), and growth and development
portant classes of compounds. Several basic (pp.394–405).
conceptsofphysical chemistryare also essen- Thepaperbackatlasconcludeswithaseries
tial for an understanding of biochemical of schematic metabolic “charts” (pp.
processes. Pages 16–33 therefore discuss the 407–419).Theseplates,whicharenotaccom-
various forms of energy and their intercon- panied byexplanatory text apart from abrief
version, reaction kinetics and catalysis, the introduction on p.406, show simplified ver-
properties of water, acids and bases, and re- sions of the most important synthetic and
dox processes. degradative pathways. The charts are mainly
Thesebasicconceptsarefollowedbyasec- intended for reference, but they can also be
tiononthestructureoftheimportantbiomo- used to review previously learned material.
lecules (pp.34–87). This part of the book is The enzymescatalyzing thevariousreactions
arranged according to the different classes of areonlyindicatedbytheirECnumbers.Their
metabolites.Itdiscussescarbohydrates,lipids, names can be found in the systematically ar-
amino acids, peptides and proteins, nucleoti- ranged and annotated enzyme list (pp.
des, and nucleicacids. 420–430).