Table Of ContentSimple Working Models of
Historic Machines
{easily mado by the reader)
Aubrey F. Burstall ase @eminghery Pe. (Canady, D Ss. Chowne
* Mler., D.Se, (National University of Iretane) C.lsng., MAL Mezh.t.
Poneritus Urofertr of Mecbonival Eyiuserng,
‘Sometime Pratecor of Hgiaring, Unscersty of 3
Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd., London ®
Aubrey F. Dural y'8
let sued rt
BBN rgt ks
Priced in raat Rate
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Preface
‘This book is intended for all those who Tike to experiment and
snake chings work, from the schoolboy upwards, Tt sill help them
to experience the pleasure and satisfaction of making chings with
their own hands,
Simple instructions arc given for king and putting te work
models of scientific and historic significinee, while suggesting
their place in the advance of technical progress through the ages,
‘What is visuslized here is not model making as ordinarily under-
stood, for the devices described do not require for their making
very much skill or craftsmanship, ‘Thus few detailed drawings —i
the engineering sense—have been included because the object
mind is to encourage a talent for experimenting and improvisation.
Given the materials and ficlites, aud a modicum of supervision,
the schoolboy who is reslly interested can persuade his hands te
imuike for him whatever he wants to make, a8 is often evident in the
elaborate project work undertsken in some school subjects. Like
primitive man, he usually has that invaluable aset—plenty of time
to try things out.
If there is a school workshop, with » trailesman;tochnician in
charge, the latter must try to suppress his innate desire for perfec-
tion and accurate workmanship when the rough models of mnediewal
times are in question: sapling cannot be measured in thousandth
of an inch,
Turing the fast fifteen years—ig52-67, working models of all
these machines of historic interest have been made to my design in
‘our workshops in the deparunent of Mechanical Enginecting at the
University of Newcastle upon Tyne. They were intended primarily
10 illustrate important events in the history of mechanical engineer-
ing and secondly to bring the reality of these events to first-year
students attending the course. Much appeared ta be learned by
feeling and souching a working model thar otherwise eluded ther
when only diagrams, slides, or cinema flms were used
These working models have been shown to schoolboys, ages
twelve to eighteen, un swiny occasions. Various types of school have
been visited, when as many models 48 { could conveniently pack
into my car were sct to work, ‘The opportunity of operating the
models for themselves alvrays created! great enthusinam, and cer-
Gainly tested the durability of the apparatus.
In 1965 the models were grouped to fourm the basis of the three
annual Holmes Mersorial Lectures at the University of Newesstle,
with practical demonstrations on a suitable scale t9 appeal tn che
wider audienee.
My sincere thanks are die ta those erivinbers of the staff of the
Department of Mechsica Engineering whe have lelpedl me ia che
design and constenctian af these models, all af «hich were made
and tied out in dee depurtracatal workshop, 1 am particularly
ggratefinl ta the rechnicnns, trom the chict teclovician devens ards.
They gave oe their enthusinstic support during the many oral
and mnndifieations dit were necded to make the constructions ae
Snyple and effective as possible
Finally, Fann much indebted to Me Peter Elia
vias, who trade al. rhe senle drawings ja this buck ard contributed
many useful sugyestions including the use nf proportional dividers
hy the seailer fur rnaking the made’s in accordance: with the draw
gs.
AFR
Acknowledgments
Certain illusteations in this book have been borrowed front other
publications, and the following list gives the sources fom which
they have been taken, Permission far che repeuduction af any
copyright material is gratefully acknowledged liy author anil pub-
lisher.
‘These References form a useful list for further eeading.
Page Source
a Report of the Smithawmian Institution, i894, p. 726.
13 (buttom) W, 1, Goadavan, <1 dtistary of Woodworking Tonks.
Tandon, G. Bell & Sons Léd,, 1964,
1
17 {bottom
a8
20
2a (left), 78
28
48 (top). 76
4
Weft
73 (bottom)
Report of the Smithvunian Institution, 1894, p. 735.
Photograph kindly lent by Mr. W. 1. Goadman,
€. Singer ct al. (kd, A History of Technolgy,
Yol. 11. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1956. (By courtesy
of Endeavour.)
R. 8. Wondbury, 4 History of the Lathe to 1850.
Monograph of the Socicty for the History of Tech=
nology. Cambridge, Mass., MIT. Press, 196¢.
TB. Hart, The Great Engineers. Loum, Methuen
8 Co. Ltd., 1928.
‘A. Young, A Six Months’ Tour through the North of
England, Vol. 1, e770. (Reprorluced in A History of
the Iron und Steel’ Industry by U1. R. Schubert,
London, Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, 1937.)
J. Needham and W. Ling, Seience and Cieatizasion
in China, Vol, 1Y, Cambridge University Press, 1905.
¥. Klemm, Techuih: Kine Geschichte threr Pratlenee,
Freibarg/Miinchen, Verlag Karl Alber, 1954. (English
translation: A History of Western ‘Technology
D, Singer. London, George Allon & Unwin T.te,
1939.)
Unknown souree. (Reproduced in 4 History of
Trokinalogy, Vol. 1, ed. by C. Singer et al)
ALF. Bunstall, 4 History of Machunieal Engineering
London, Faber & Faber Ltd, 1963, (From Hero's
Prewmatics.)
€.G. tle Montauzon, La science ef Vart de Pingéninr
caus premiers sidcles de Pempire romain, Bacws, Ernest
Leroux Editeur, 1909.
Moover (Li. Ayricola's Bie Re Metallica. New York,
Dover Publications Inc., 1950.
S. Shapiro, “Ihe Origin of the Suction Pump’,
Technology and Culture, Vol. ¥, No. 4, 1964. Chieugo,
INL, University of Chicago Press,
CG. Singer et al. (Ed), A History of Technotigy,
Vol. I. Oxford, Clarendon Peess, 1954. (Ry courtesy
of Endearovr.)
Contents
PuarALes
ACKNOWLIMGMFNTS
Chapter
1 MATERIALS AND ‘TOOLS FOR MAKING WORKING
MODETS OF MACHINES
Basie equipment
Proportions dividers
Drawings
Improvised equipment
I. SOME ANCIENT MACHINE '100LS
Bow drill
Pump drill
Bow lathe
Pole and ucad lathe
“The great wheel
Leonardo's lathe
Lera’a screw cutter
Screw generating device
‘The Oliver
I LIFTING DEVICES
Lever and slip knot
‘The simple pulley
Simple pulley with ratchet and paw!
‘Multiple pulleys
The Chinese windlass
‘The Arabian grappling device
Shadout
‘The: Chinese spoon-tilt hamvser
The Comish man engine
1V_ MECHANISMS,
Coin-in-the-slot machine
The Greek puppet theatre mechanisen
‘The Chinese south-pointing chariot
Folior and verge escapement
‘The wrapping escapement
MACHINES FOR PUMPING AND WATER RAISING
Archimedvin small
‘Tympanum
Clesibian pump
‘Phe rag and chain pump
The suction pump,
The cow pump
‘The diaphragm pump
"Phe hydraulic ram
BLOWING MACHINES
‘The vulveless bellows
‘The Chinese double-acting blower
IIRAT ENGINES:
Temple doors +
Hera’s whirling Acolipile
