Cold War Leaders

19 Pages·2008·1.73 MB·English

by  Wendy Conklin

PRIMARY SOURCE READERS
Cold War
Leaders
TCM10673
Wendy Conklin
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Cold War
Leaders
Wendy Conklin, M.A.
Table of Contents
A Cold World .............................................................. 4–5
Lenin in the Time of the Czars .................................... 6–7
Lenin’s Great Ideas ...................................................... 8–9
Publishing Credits Stalin and His Farmers .............................................10–11
Moscow’s Show Trials ...............................................12–13
Historical Consultant
Shannon C. McCutchen
Stalin’s Constitution and Warnings ...........................14–15
Editor
Torrey Maloof
Khrushchev and His Speeches ..................................16–17
Editorial Director
Emily R. Smith, M.A.Ed.
Trouble with Cuba ....................................................18–19
Editor-in-Chief
Sharon Coan, M.S.Ed.
A Showdown and a Race ..........................................20–21
Creative Director
Lee Aucoin
The Beginning of Communism in China ..................22–23
Illustration Manager
Timothy J. Bradley
Mao Tse-tung Rises to Power ...................................24–25
Publisher
Rachelle Cracchiolo, M.S.Ed.
Gorbachev, a New Kind of Communist ....................26–27
The End of a Cold War ............................................28–29
Glossary.........................................................................30
Index ..............................................................................31
Teacher Created Materials Publishing Image Credits .................................................................32
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2 3
A Cold World The hammer and the sickle
represented the Soviet Union
during the Cold War.
Not too long ago, leaders in the world were very ccoolldd to each
other. These leaders had some differences. Each side thought the
other was wrong. Because of this, the Cold War developed.
Symbols
Hot wars have soldiers, weapons, and battles. During a cold war,
The hammer and sickle
countries do not fi ght on battlefi elds. Instead, both sides store up
(SIH-kuhl) were on the Soviet
weapons and threaten to use them. It is a contest to see who can Union’s fl ag. The hammer
be stronger. This is what happened in the world during the 1900s. symbolized workers. The
sickle stood for the farmers.
One side of the Cold War was fought by the West. This side
included western nations like the United States, Great Britain,
Who Are the
and France. On the other side were the Communists (KAHM-
Soviets?
yuh-nistz). These leaders came from the Soviet Union, China,
A soviet is a workers’
Korea, and Cuba.
council. These councils
The Cold War lasted from just after World War II to 1991.
ran factories and local
That’s more than 40 long years! The leaders of these Cold War governments. They joined
countries changed world history. together and replaced
the Russian empire. They
used the name Soviet
Union to show how they
came together.
The United States
and the Soviet Union
built missiles that
could travel from one
country to another.
These missiles could
carry bombs.
The West (blue) faced the
East (red) in the Cold War.
4 5
Lenin in the Time
of the Czars
Vladimir Lenin (VLAH-duh-mir LEH-
nuhn) lived in Russia during the time of
the cczzaarrss (zars). A czar was like a king.
He made all the laws and ran the country.
In 1905, Lenin did not like the way
the czar ruled. So, he and others led a
rebellion. But there were not enough rebels
to overthrow the czar. The czar was very
Lenin’s Exile
angry. He eexxiilleedd (EKS-ziled) Lenin from
Lenin spent time in Siberia,
a very cold place in northeast the country.
Russia. From there, he went to Lenin had studied the ideas of a man
Switzerland and Finland.
named Karl Marx. Marx believed that
people should work hard Vladimir Lenin speaks to
Marx’s Mistake
for their country. The a crowd in Moscow.
Marx wanted to pay people
country would then
whatever amount of money
give everyone his
they needed. It did not
or her fair share.
matter how much they
worked. They would get the PPeeaassaannttss would get
same amount of money. to own land. Each
He thought his idea would
person would get
inspire people to work
the same amount
hard. Instead, it produced
of food. This This poster shows the rulers
poor workers.
of Russia. Nicholas II is at
sounded like a
the bottom middle. He is
good idea to Lenin.
the czar who exiled Lenin.
Karl Marx
6 7
Lenin’s Great Ideas The Viks!
The Bolsheviks were a very
rraaddiiccaall group. They wanted big
Lenin led a ppoolliittiiccaall group called the Bolsheviks changes fast. There was another
(BOWL-shuh-vikz). The Bolsheviks believed that group called the Mensheviks
(MEN-shuh-vikz). They were a
everyone should share the country’s wealth. People
mmooddeerraattee group. They felt it
should not have more than what they need. In the past,
would take time for changes.
only a few rich people owned the land and everyone
The Mensheviks wanted to
else worked it. Because of this, many peasants were work with the government.
very poor. The Bolsheviks hoped to change this. On the other hand, the
Bolsheviks wanted to set up
Lenin wanted the workers and peasants to
a new government.
overthrow the czar. Then, they could set up a new
system based on fairness. This new system was
Women’s Liberation
communism (KAHM-yuh-nih-zuhm). This was the
The Bolsheviks and Lenin
opposite of capitalism (KAP-uh-tuhl-iz-uhm). Both
made laws to support
communism and capitalism have to do with the women. As Lenin said in
economy (eh-KAH-nuh-mee). In a capitalist country, 1921, “no trace is left of
any inequality between
Bolshevik leaders wanted to change life in Russia.
men and women under
the law . . . this is only the
fi rst step in the liberation
there is a big difference between the rich people
of women.” The laws
and the poor people. Communists wanted to
were in place, but there
make sure that everyone had the same amount of
was still a long way to
money. This belief was based on Marx’s ideas. go for equal treatment.
In 1917, Lenin heard about revolts in Russia.
He went back to lead the people. He told them
that if they wanted land and power, they had to
These young Russian take it. This was the Russian Revolution. The
men followed the Bolsheviks led the workers to victory. The czar
beliefs of Karl Marx.
was overthrown. And, Lenin became the fi rst
Lenin is seated
leader of the new Soviet Union.
behind the table.
8 9
Stalin and
His Farmers
Joseph Stalin led the Soviet Young
Union from 1924–1953. Communists dig
Lenin died in 1924. A man named
up buried food
Joseph Stalin became the new leader of in a cemetery.
the Soviet Union. He had a fi ve-year Wealthy farmers
hid their grain
plan. He wanted to use Communist
rather than share
beliefs to make the country strong.
it with others.
His plan began with the farmers.
Farmers with land had to give it to the
government and let others farm it. This
idea caused problems right away. The rich
farmers were angry. They did not want to
lose their land. Some even had to share
the equipment they had bought. Plus, the
Bank Robber Women working on a farm in the Soviet Union.
poor farmers did not want to work on
When he was young, Stalin
other people’s land. They wanted their
wanted to help the Bolsheviks.
own land. Farmers lost the passion to
So he robbed banks and sent
them the money. work.
Farmers began to lie about their
Stalin and Women crops. Then, the farmers started to hide
During Stalin’s rule, life for their crops from the government. Stalin
women got harder. The laws
started to bribe poor, hungry people. He
that had been set up by the
promised them food if they told offi cials
Bolsheviks were failing. Women
where the crops were hidden.
were forced to work, and they still
had to take care of their homes Stalin tried to get the farmers to
and children. produce more food. He threatened and
punished, but nothing seemed to work.
Eventually, Stalin had to give in. He paid
the farmers more money for their grain.
10 11
Moscow’s Show Trials
Many people criticized Stalin for his farming plan. In fact, even
his wife spoke out against him at a party. Stalin did not like other
Stalin’s Paranoia
people to question him. He could be very cruel to people who made
Stalin worried that people
him angry.
would try to aassssaassssiinnaattee
Often, people who disagreed with Stalin disappeared. It was
(uh-SAS-suh-nate) him.
assumed that they were killed. Stalin wanted to prove that he was He hired a bodyguard and
not such a terrible man. So, he asked the mmeeddiiaa from other places stayed home much of the
time. He also refused to tell
to come see some trials. Today, these trials are called Moscow’s
anyone his schedule, not
show trials.
even his closest friends.
At these trials, prisoners
marched in and confessed.
Stalin’s Wives
After admitting their crimes,
Stalin’s fi rst wife died in
they asked to be punished. 1907. He was very sad
Most of the prisoners were because of her death.
Stalin married again.
shot by a fi ring squad or
In 1932, Stalin and his
exiled out of the country.
second wife got into an
At fi rst, the trials seemed
argument at a party. She
fair. Then, they were studied criticized him. After their
more closely. It became fi ght, Stalin’s wife died.
She either killed herself
clear that some of the
or was murdered. Either
prisoners had been forced
way, people learned that
to confess. Some of them
they should not
were not guilty. disagree with Stalin.
One of Joseph Stalin’s show trials in the 1930s
This poster of Stalin
says, “We will achieve
abundance!”
12 13
Stalin’s Constitution
Spreading Ideas
Stalin thought the West
wanted to spread ideas about and Warnings
capitalism. The West thought
Stalin wanted to spread ideas
about communism. Both sides In 1936, Stalin created a new set of
were right about the other.
laws. In it, he made many promises. Stalin
promised that no one would be poor or
The Iron Curtain
without a job. All people over 23 could
In March 1946, British leader
vote. They could have their own land if
Winston Churchill gave a
they wanted it. He even said that people
speech. He said, “An iron curtain
has descended across the would have freedom of speech. But, all
continent.” He meant that Stalin these freedoms had to align with Stalin’s
This Soviet poster promises joy and
had taken over small nations in
wishes. So, people were not really free to
happiness to people who follow Stalin.
Eastern Europe and had made
say and do anything they wanted.
them Communist countries.
Stalin had always warned his people
that capitalism was dangerous. But during
World War II, Stalin needed help to fi ght
the German Nazis. To win, he had to work
with capitalist nations. The United States
and Great Britain helped the Soviets win
the war.
The friendship between these countries
did not last long after the war ended.
Both sides became distrustful of one
another. They stopped talking and built
Winston Churchill weapons instead. A new kind of war
started. It was called the Cold War. This
war was between the East and the West.
Stalin, President Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill
met to discuss strategies during World War II.
14 15