Table Of ContentPietro Buzzini · Rosa Margesin Editors
Cold-Adapted
Yeasts
Biodiversity, Adaptation Strategies and
Biotechnological Significance
Cold-Adapted Yeasts
Pietro Buzzini Rosa Margesin
•
Editors
Cold-Adapted Yeasts
Biodiversity, Adaptation Strategies
and Biotechnological Significance
123
Editors
Pietro Buzzini Rosa Margesin
Department of Agricultural, Environmental Instituteof Microbiology
and FoodSciences, Universityof Innsbruck
Industrial YeastsCollection DBVPG Innsbruck
Universityof Perugia Austria
Perugia
Italy
ISBN 978-3-642-39680-9 ISBN 978-3-642-39681-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-39681-6
SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013948372
(cid:2)Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2014
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Preface
Why a book on Cold-Adapted Yeasts? What is the scientific background that
encouraged us to edit a book on the biodiversity, adaptation strategies and bio-
technological implications of these attractive microorganisms that are apparently
able to survive and even to grow at low temperatures in really inhospitable
habitats?
Over80%oftheEarth’senvironmentsarepermanentlyorperiodicallyexposed
totemperaturesbelow5(cid:3)C.Coldenvironmentsincludedeepseas,colddesertsand
glacialhabitats(i.e.glaciersandrelatedhabitats,icyseas,icecapsandcontinental
ice sheets and frozen ground, which are characterised by the presence of ice in
extensivemassesandcoverabout10%oftheEarth’ssurfaceatthepresenttime).
In many natural ecosystems, cold conditions are frequently associated with other
limiting environmental factors (e.g. low water activity and nutrient availability,
high hydrostatic pressure and oxidative stress, high solar irradiation, etc.) which
makesuchextremehabitatsveryinhospitable(orevenlife-limiting)ecosystems.A
few cold habitats are also associated with human activities (e.g. refrigeration
technology in food industry).
Current knowledge on microbial biodiversity and ecology has shown that cold
habitats harbour a wide diversity of psychrophilic prokaryotic and eukaryotic
microbial life, including archaea, bacteria, cyanobacteria, yeasts, filamentous
fungi,algaeandprotozoa.Lowtemperatureshaveastronginfluenceonmicrobial
life, both indirectly (change of the physical state of water) and directly (low
metabolic rate due to the reduced enzymatic activity). The key feature of both
prokaryoticandeukaryoticorganismsadaptedtocoldistosuccessfullyovercome
thenegativeeffectsoflowtemperaturesthroughthedevelopmentofstructuraland
functional adaptations.
YeastsareagroupofeukaryoticorganismsbelongingtotheKingdomofFungi
which are widely distributed in worldwide microbiomes. Their manifest ubiquity
intheEarth’sbiosphereishoweverbalancedbytheirgreatdiversityandspecificity
for the different habitats. Yeasts are probably one of the most relevant microbial
groups in both traditional fermentation technologies and biotechnological appli-
cations. Most people associate yeasts with the ascomycetous species Saccharo-
myces cerevisiae (the so-called ‘‘baker yeast’’), traditionally involved in the
production of alcoholic beverages and in leavened bread, although this techno-
logically domesticated species represents only a infinitesimal bit of the vast
v
vi Preface
biodiversity occurring inside the yeast world. Since the 1950s, the study of cold-
adapted yeasts has attracted an increasing number of scientists: consequently the
number of papers published and the number of psychrophilic and psychrotolerant
yeast species described in literature spectacularly increased.
In this book, prominent authors from universities and research centres present
an up-to-date state-of-the-art on the biodiversity, adaptation strategies and bio-
technologicalsignificanceofcold-adaptedyeastsinordertoprovideanadditional
sourceofinformationtoallthosescientistswhoareinterestedinthemicrobiology
of these microorganisms. The book is subdivided into four main Parts:
i. anintroductivepartdevotedtoconceptualandmethodologicalaspectsrelated
to the study of cold-adapted yeasts in natural ecosystems and the role of
culture collections in handling the ever-increasing number of preserved
strainsand relevantdata
ii. a second part reporting an overview on the diversity and ecology of cold-
adapted yeasts (including the so-called ‘‘black yeasts’’) in worldwide cold
habitats (i.e.ArcticandAntarctic regions, Alpine,ApennineandPatagonian
cold areas)
iii. athirdpartdescribingthedifferentphysiological,biochemicalandmolecular
adaptation strategies used by cold-adapted yeasts to survive or even thrive
successfully in cold habitats
iv. a final part devotedto the biotechnological impact ofcold-adaptedyeastsas
biocatalysts in traditional and advanced (actual and potential) biotechnolo-
gies or as food spoilers.
As studies of cold-adapted yeasts have been carried out over more than 60
years, original strain identification was performed using taxonomic criteria of
current use at the time of isolation: hence, many species names cited in the early
literature are not adjourned. Accordingly, all original taxonomic designations
reportedinthecitedreferenceswerecheckedand,ifnecessary,updatedaccording
to the latest taxonomic guidelines published in Kurtzman et al. (2011), or more
recent literature.
It is obvious that the book does not claim to be comprehensive of all aspects
concerning the life of these fascinating organisms. Some topics not covered here
are dealt with elsewhere, in particular the general introduction to the climate of
snowandiceasboundaryconditionformicrobiallife,publishedinMargesinetal.
(2008). Other topics are still characterized by a general insufficiency of studies
(e.g. diversity andecologyofcold-adaptedyeast populations inHimalayanareas)
and are therefore not covered in this book.
The editors of this book want to thank all the authors for their excellent con-
tributionsandhopethatthisbookwillprovideausefultooltoincreasetheinterest
in cold-adapted yeasts which, hopefully, will stimulate increasing efforts in sup-
porting research on this attractive field. P. Buzzini would like to thank his retired
colleague Prof. Ann Vaughan-Martini for the trust she demonstrated over the
years. He would also like to dedicate this book in memory of his teacher (and
friend)Prof.AlessandroMartini,whosupportedhimsinceearly2000sinthestudy
Preface vii
of this fascinating matter. Finally, the editors would like to thank the Springer
team,especiallyDr.JuttaLindenborn,forvaluableandcontinuoussupportduring
the preparation of this book.
Perugia, Italy, May 2013 Pietro Buzzini
Innsbruck, Austria, May 2013 Rosa Margesin
References
Kurtzman CP, Fell JW, Boekhout T (eds) (2011) The yeasts, a taxonomic study. Elsevier,
Amsterdam
Margesin R, Schinner F, Marx JC, Gerday C (eds) (2008) Psychrophiles: from biodiversity to
biotechnology.Springer,Berlin
Contents
Part I Introduction
1 Cold-Adapted Yeasts: A Lesson from the Cold and a Challenge
for the XXI Century. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Pietro Buzzini and Rosa Margesin
2 Methods for the Isolation and Investigation of the Diversity
of Cold-Adapted Yeasts and Their Ex Situ Preservation
in Worldwide Collections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Kyria L. Boundy-Mills
Part II Diversity and Ecology of Cold-Adapted Yeasts
in Worldwide Cold Habitats
3 Cold-Adapted Yeasts in Arctic Habitats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Polona Zalar and Nina Gunde-Cimerman
4 Cold-Adapted Yeasts in Antarctic Deserts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Laurie B. Connell, Russell R. Rodriguez, Regina S. Redman
and Joseph J. Dalluge
5 Cold-Adapted Yeasts in Alpine and Apennine Glaciers . . . . . . . . 99
Benedetta Turchetti, Marta Goretti, Pietro Buzzini
and Rosa Margesin
6 Cold-Adapted Yeasts in Patagonian Habitats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Virginia de Garcia, Diego Libkind, Martín Moliné,
Carlos A. Rosa and Maria Rosa Giraudo
7 Cold-Adapted Yeasts in Deep-Sea Environments. . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Yuriko Nagano, Takahiko Nagahama and Fumiyoshi Abe
ix
x Contents
8 Black Yeasts in Cold Habitats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Laura Selbmann, G. Sybren de Hoog, Laura Zucconi,
Daniela Isola and Silvano Onofri
Part III Adaptation Strategies of Cold-Adapted Yeasts
to Low Temperatures
9 Production of Pigments and Photo-Protective Compounds
by Cold-Adapted Yeasts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Martín Moliné, Diego Libkind, Virginia de Garcia
and María Rosa Giraudo
10 Changes in Lipids Composition and Fluidity of Yeast
Plasma Membrane as Response to Cold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Nina Gunde-Cimerman, Ana Plemenitaš and Pietro Buzzini
11 Cold-Shock Response and Adaptation to Near-Freezing
Temperature in Cold-Adapted Yeasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Masayori Inouye and Sangita Phadtare
12 Production of Antifreeze Proteins by Cold-Adapted Yeasts . . . . . 259
Hak Jun Kim, Jun Hyuck Lee, Hackwon Do and Woongsic Jung
13 Role of Sterol Metabolism and Endoplasmic
Reticulum-Associated Degradation of Proteins
in Cold Adaptation of Yeasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Kelaine Haas
14 Subzero Activity of Cold-Adapted Yeasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Nicolai S. Panikov
15 Fundamentals of Cold-Active Enzymes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Charles Gerday
Part IV Biotechnological Significance of Cold-Adapted Yeasts
16 Cold-Active Yeast Lipases: Recent Issues
and Future Prospects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Mirosława Szcze˛sna-Antczak, Janina Kamin´ska,
Tomasz Florczak and Marianna Turkiewicz
Contents xi
17 Miscellaneous Cold-Active Yeast Enzymes
of Industrial Importance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
Aneta Białkowska and Marianna Turkiewicz
18 Production of Polymers and Other Compounds of Industrial
Importance by Cold-Adapted Yeasts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
Kostantsa I. Pavlova
19 Low-Temperature Production of Wine, Beer, and Distillates
Using Cold-Adapted Yeasts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
Maria Kanellaki, Argyro Bekatorou and Athanasios A. Koutinas
20 Cold-Adapted Yeasts as Biocontrol Agents: Biodiversity,
Adaptation Strategies and Biocontrol Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
Marcela P. Sangorrín, Chistian Ariel Lopes, Silvana Vero
and Michael Wisniewski
21 Bioremediation and Biodegradation of Hydrocarbons
by Cold-Adapted Yeasts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
Rosa Margesin
22 Heterologous Expression of Proteins from Cold-Adapted
Yeasts in Suitable Hosts: Methods and Applications . . . . . . . . . . 481
Rosli Md. Illias, Aizi Nor Mazila Ramli, Kheng Oon Low,
Nor Muhammad Mahadi, Abdul Munir Abdul Murad and Amir Rabu
23 Food Spoilage by Cold-Adapted Yeasts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
Anna Maráz and Mónika Kovács
Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533
Microorganism Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543
