Table Of Content46
SPRINGER SERIES IN SURFACE SCIENCES
springer series in surface sciences
SeriesEditors:G.Ertl,H.LüthandD.L.Mills
This series covers the whole spectrum of surface sciences, including structure and
dynamicsofcleanandadsorbate-coveredsurfaces,thinfilms,basicsurfaceeffects,ana-
lytical methods and also the physics and chemistry of interfaces. Written by leading
researchersinthefield,thebooksareintendedprimarilyforresearchersinacademiaand
industryandforgraduatestudents.
PleaseviewavailabletitlesinSpringerSeriesinSurfaceSciences
onserieshomepagehttp://www.springer.com/series/409
Pietro Ferraro
Adam Wax
Zeev Zalevsky
(Editors)
Coherent Light
Microscopy
Imaging and Quantitative Phase Analysis
With228Figures
123
VolumeEditors:
Dr.PietroFerraro
CNR,Ist.NazionalediOtticaApplicata
ViaCampiFlegrei34,80078PozzuoliNapoli,Italy
e-mail:[email protected]
Prof.AdamWax
DukeUniversity,Dept.BiomedicalEngineering
Durham,NorthCarolina,USA
e-mail:[email protected]
ZeevZalevsky
Bar-IlanUniversity,Dept.Engineering
RamatGan,Israel
e-mail:[email protected]
SeriesEditors:
ProfessorDr.GerhardErtl
Fritz-Haber-InstitutederMax-Planck-Gesellschaft,Faradayweg4–6,
14195Berlin,Germany
ProfessorDr.HansLüth
InstitutfürSchicht-undIonentechnik
ForschungszentrumJülichGmbH,
52425Jülich,Germany
ProfessorDouglasL.Mills,Ph.D.
DepartmentofPhysics,UniversityofCalifornia,
Irvine,CA92717,USA
Additionalmaterialtothisbookcanbedownloadedfromhttp://extras.springer.com
SpringerSeriesinSurfaceSciences ISSN0931-5195
ISBN978-3-642-15812-4 e-ISBN978-3-642-15813-1
DOI10.1007/978-3-642-15813-1
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Preface
Since Dennis Gabor introduced the hologram in 1947, the coherence imaging
approach has been used to generate stunning images and has found application
in diverse fields such as optical recording media and security encoding. With the
development of modern photonics technology, the field of holography has been
greatlyadvancedwiththelaboriousneedforrecordinganddevelopingphotographic
films replaced by the use of digital photography. In fact, the new field of digital
holography has enabled a rapid expansion in the use of coherence methods for
imaging and microscopy, thanks to the development of digital technology and of
somekeyelementssuchashigh-resolutionpixelateddetectorsinallregionsofthe
electromagneticspectrum,fromUVtolongIR,high-powercompactlasers,spatial
lightmodulators,andespeciallytheincreasedcomputationalpowerofmodernPC
processors. Moreover, the incredibly improved capability for data storage allows
thepossibilityofcapturingandmanaginghugenumbersofimages.Incombination
with the development of efficient computational algorithms for image processing
andnewstrategiesforconceptionanddesignofopticalandoptoelectronicsystems,
these advances have enabled novel methods for coherent imaging and microscopy
tobecomeusefulinbiologyandmicrofluidics.
This text seeks to provide an overview of the current state of the field for the
applicationofdigitalholographyformicroscopicimaging.Oneoftheaimsofthis
bookistopresentthebest“workinprogress”inmicroscopybasedonusingcoherent
light sources to people outside the optics community, to provide readers with the
tools for understanding these novel techniques and thus the ability to judge what
newcapabilitieswillbeimportantandpotentiallychallengingfortheirresearch.
Thetexthasbeendividedintothreesections,coveringareasofactiveresearchin
thisfield.Thefirstsectionpresentsanoverviewofrecentadvancesinthemethods
ofdigitalholography.Subjectsexaminedinthissectionincludethebasisofimage
formation in digital holography and the role of coherence, such as the degree of
coherence in the illumination. This section also includes discussion of the unique
abilitytonumericallymanipulatethedigitalhologramstoproduceadditionalvisual
representations, such as images comparable to those that would be obtained using
traditionalphasemicroscopyimagingmethods.
The ability to obtain phase information from the recorded data is a significant
strengthofthedigitalholographyapproach.Thesecondsectionofthistextfocuses
v
vi Preface
on novel phase microscopy implementations of digital holography. A clear advan-
tageofdigitalholographyisthatquantitativephaseinformationisobtained,address-
ing a shortcoming of traditional phase microscopy methods which make quantita-
tiveanalysisdifficult.Inthissection,experimentaldigitalholographymethodsare
discussed which have been developed for specific imaging applications, such as
imagingofmicrolensarrays.Additionaltopicsincludetheuseofnoveldevicessuch
asspatiallightmodulatorsandspectraldomaindetection,aswellasapplicationof
phaseimagingtobiologicalsamplesanddynamicphenomena.
The third section of this text discusses current research into improving the per-
formanceofdigitalholography.Topicshereincludeanexaminationofthenatureof
image formation as a means to improve phase retrieval and enhancing the numer-
ical aperture of the collected signal to improve spatial resolution. The ability to
obtain super-resolved imaging information is a compelling topic also covered in
this section. The final chapter shows how coherence imaging can be extended to
three-dimensionalapplicationsbyusingspecklepatternanalysis.Wewishtothank
Dr.FrancescoMerola(CNR-INO)forhelpingusintheprocess:hisfruitfulcooper-
ationhasbeentrulyappreciated.
Pozzuoli(Napoli),Italy PietroFerraro
Durham,NorthCarolina AdamP.Wax
Ramat-Gan,Israel ZeevZalevsky
August2010
Contents
PartI DigitalHolography
1 PointSourceDigitalIn-LineHolographicMicroscopy ............. 3
ManfredH.JerichoandH.JürgenKreuzer
1.1 Introduction ............................................. 3
1.2 DIHMHardware ......................................... 6
1.3 HologramReconstruction.................................. 7
1.4 ResolutionandDepthofField .............................. 9
1.5 Deconvolution ........................................... 13
1.6 ImmersionHolography.................................... 14
1.7 Phaseimages ............................................ 15
1.8 4-DImaging............................................. 16
1.9 ApplicationsinMicrofluidics............................... 17
1.10 Biology................................................. 18
1.11 SubmersibleDIHM....................................... 20
1.12 Recentprogress .......................................... 21
1.13 SummaryandDiscussion .................................. 22
Appendix:Kirchoff–HelmholtzReconstructionAlgorithm ............ 24
Introduction............................................. 24
CoordinateTransformation ................................ 25
Discretization ........................................... 26
Interpolation ............................................ 26
Convolution............................................. 27
References .................................................... 28
2 DigitalHolographicMicroscopyWorkingwithaPartiallySpatial
CoherentSource .............................................. 31
Frank Dubois, Catherine Yourassowsky, Natacha Callens,
Christophe Minetti, Patrick Queeckers, Thomas Podgorski,
andAnnickBrandenburger
2.1 Introduction–ObjectivesandJustifications................... 31
2.2 OpticalSetupsandDigitalHolographicReconstructions........ 32
vii
viii Contents
2.2.1 Digital Holographic Microscope Working
withaLED .................................... 32
2.2.2 Digital Holographic Microscope Working
with a Laser Beam Incident on a Rotating
GroundGlass................................... 34
2.2.3 DigitalHolographicReconstruction ................ 35
2.3 Benefits of the Partially Spatial Coherence for the DHM
inTransmission ......................................... 36
2.3.1 SpatialFrequencyFiltering........................ 36
2.3.2 MultipleReflectionRemoval ...................... 39
2.3.3 CoherentNoiseRemoval.......................... 41
2.4 ExperimentalDemonstrationsandApplications ............... 42
2.4.1 BiomedicalApplications.......................... 42
2.4.2 HydrodynamicFlowofMicronSizeParticles ........ 47
2.4.3 DynamicsofPhospholipidVesicles................. 49
2.5 Conclusions ............................................. 55
References .................................................... 56
3 QuantitativePhaseContrastinHolographicMicroscopyThrough
theNumericalManipulationoftheRetrievedWavefronts .......... 61
Lisa Miccio, Simonetta Grilli, Melania Paturzo, Andrea Finizio,
Giuseppe Di Caprio, Giuseppe Coppola, Pietro Ferraro,
RobertoPuglisi,DonatellaBalduzzi,andAndreaGalli
3.1 DigitalRecordingandNumericalReconstructioninDH ........ 62
3.2 PhaseContrastImagingandQuantitativePhaseMicroscopy
byDH ................................................. 65
3.2.1 DoubleExposureTechnique....................... 66
3.2.2 Self-ReferencingMethod ......................... 66
3.2.3 2DFittingMethod ............................... 69
3.2.4 NumericalLateralShearingMethod ................ 72
3.2.5 DifferentialHolographicInterferenceContrast ....... 75
3.2.6 SyntheticWavelengthHolography.................. 79
3.3 Conclusion .............................................. 83
References .................................................... 83
4 Incoherent Digital Holographic Microscopy with Coherent
andIncoherentLight........................................... 87
JosephRosenandGaryBrooker
4.1 Introduction ............................................. 87
4.2 GeneralPropertiesofFresnelHolograms..................... 89
4.3 ScanningHolography ..................................... 91
4.4 FresnelIncoherentCorrelationHolography ................... 95
4.5 DiscussionandConclusions................................110
References ....................................................111
Contents ix
PartII PhaseMicroscopy
5 QuantitativePhaseMicroscopyforAccurateCharacterization
ofMicrolensArrays............................................115
Simonetta Grilli, Lisa Miccio, Francesco Merola,
Andrea Finizio, Melania Paturzo, Sara Coppola,
VeronicaVespini,andPietroFerraro
5.1 Introduction .............................................115
5.2 ArraysofLiquidMicrolenses ..............................116
5.2.1 InterpretationoftheEffect ........................119
5.2.2 Characterization by Quantitative Phase
Microscopy .................................... 121
5.3 ArraysofTunableLiquidMicrolenses .......................124
5.3.1 DescriptionoftheTwoLiquidMicrolensRegimes:
SeparatedLensesRegime(SLR)andWave-Like
LensesRegime(WLR)........................... 125
5.3.2 Characterization of WLR Tunable Lenses
byQuantitativePhaseMicroscopy ................. 126
5.3.3 Characterization of SLR Tunable Lenses
byQuantitativePhaseMicroscopy ................. 130
5.4 HemicylindricalLiquidMicrolenses.........................133
5.4.1 Characterization of Hemicylindrical Lenses
byQuantitativePhaseMicroscopy ................. 135
5.5 ArraysofPolymer-BasedMicrolenses .......................137
5.5.1 FabricationoftheSamples ........................138
5.5.2 Characterization of Polymer Microlenses
byQPM ....................................... 140
References ....................................................142
6 QuantitativePhaseImaginginMicroscopyUsingaSpatialLight
Modulator ....................................................145
VicenteMicó,JavierGarcía,LuisCamacho,andZeevZalevsky
6.1 Introduction .............................................145
6.2 Full-FieldQuantitativePhaseImaging .......................146
6.2.1 HolographicApproaches..........................147
6.2.2 Non-HolographicApproaches .....................149
6.3 Full-Field Quantitative Phase Imaging in Microscopy
byMeansofDefocusingUsinganSLM ..................... 151
6.4 ExperimentalValidationoftheProposedApproach ............158
References ....................................................163
