Cognitive work analysis : applications, extensions and future directions

451 Pages·2018·34.77 MB·English

by  Neville A. Stanton

Cognitive Work Analysis
Applications, Extensions
and Future Directions

Cognitive Work Analysis
Applications, Extensions
and Future Directions
Edited by
Neville A. Stanton, Paul M. Salmon,
Guy H. Walker and Daniel P. Jenkins
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Stanton, Neville A. (Neville Anthony), 1960- editor. | Salmon, Paul
M., editor. | Walker, Guy., editor. | Jenkins, Daniel P., editor.
Title: Cognitive work analysis : applications, extensions and future
directions / [edited by] Neville A. Stanton, Paul M. Salmon, Guy H.
Walker, and Daniel P. Jenkins.
Other titles: Cognitive work analysis (Boca Raton, Fla.)
Description: Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, CRC Press, [2017] | Includes
bibliographical references.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016058576| ISBN 9781472443922 (hardback : alk. paper) |
ISBN 9781315572536 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Human-machine systems. | Human-computer interaction. | Work
environment. | Cognitive psychology.
Classification: LCC TA167 .C635 2017 | DDC 620.8/2--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016058576
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
Contents
Preface.......................................................................................................................ix
Editors .......................................................................................................................xi
Contributors ...........................................................................................................xiii
Recommended Further Reading on Cognitive Work Analysis..............................xvii
Section i overview of cognitive Work Analysis
Chapter 1 Application of Cognitive Work Analysis to System Analysis
and Design ............................................................................................3
Neville A. Stanton and Daniel P. Jenkins
Section ii Requirements Specification
Chapter 2 Specifying System Requirements Using Cognitive Work Analysis ......75
Neville A. Stanton and Rich C. McIlroy
Chapter 3 Using the Abstraction Hierarchy to Create More Innovative
Specifications ...................................................................................103
Daniel P. Jenkins
Chapter 4 Using the Decision Ladder to Reach Interface Requirements .........115
Daniel P. Jenkins
Chapter 5 From Cognitive Work Analysis to Software Engineering ...............133
Anandhi Dhukuram and Chris Baber
Section iii Analysis of Sociotechnical Systems
Chapter 6 Work Domain Analysis of Power Grid Operations ..........................151
Antony Hilliard, Fiona F. Tran and Greg A. Jamieson
Chapter 7 How a Submarine Returns to Periscope Depth ................................171
Neville A. Stanton and Kevin Bessell
v
vi Contents
Chapter 8 Cognitive Work Analysis: Lens on Work .........................................197
Catherine M. Burns
Chapter 9 Exploring the Constraints of Modal Shift to Rail Transport ...........207
Neville A. Stanton, Rich C. McIlroy, Catherine Harvey, John
M. Preston, Simon Blainey, Adrian Hickford and Brendan Ryan
Chapter 10 Conducting Cognitive Work Analysis with an Experiment
in Mind .............................................................................................233
Sean W. Kortschot, Cole Wheeler, Aimzhan Zhunussova and
Greg A. Jamieson
Section iV Design and evaluation
Chapter 11 The Cognitive Work Analysis Design Toolkit .................................251
Gemma J. M. Read, Paul M. Salmon and Michael G. Lenné
Chapter 12 Cognitive Work Analysis for Systems Analysis and Redesign:
Rail Level Crossings Case Study .....................................................271
Paul M. Salmon, Gemma J. M. Read, Michael G. Lenné,
Christine M. Mulvihill, Nicholas Stevens, Guy H. Walker,
Kristie L. Young and Neville A. Stanton
Chapter 13 Work Domain Analysis Applications in Urban Planning: Active
Transport Infrastructure and Urban Corridors .................................285
Nicholas Stevens, Paul M. Salmon and Natalie Taylor
Chapter 14 Use and Refinement of CWA in an Industrial, Automotive
Design, Context ................................................................................303
Ida Löscher and Stas Krupenia
Chapter 15 Using Work Domain Analysis to Design a Rotary Wing
Head-Up Display ..............................................................................321
Neville A. Stanton, Katherine L. Plant, Aaron P. Roberts,
Catherine Harvey and T. Glyn Thomas
Contents vii
Chapter 16 Designing Mission Communications Planning with Rich
Pictures and Cognitive Work Analysis .............................................337
Neville A. Stanton and Rich C. McIlroy
Section V Risk and Resilience
Chapter 17 CWA vs SWIFT in a Nuclear Decommissioning Case Study .........363
Guy H. Walker, Mhairi Cooper, Pauline Thompson and
Daniel P. Jenkins
Chapter 18 Deriving and Analysing Social Networks from SOCA-CAT
Diagrams ..........................................................................................387
Chris Baber, Neville A. Stanton and Robert Houghton
Chapter 19 Using CWA to Understand and Enhance Infrastructure
Resilience .........................................................................................403
Guy H. Walker, Lindsay Beevers and Ailsa Strathie
Index ......................................................................................................................419

Preface
This book has arisen from the desire to share our insights into the practical appli-
cation of the cognitive work analysis (CWA) framework. Over the past decade, we
have applied CWA in many domains and have been impressed by the insights that
the products of the analysis afford. CWA offers a systemic and systematic approach
to the analysis, design and evaluation of sociotechnical systems. As a formative
method, we have used it to design new concepts of operations, new interfaces and
new ways of working.
CWA was originally developed by Jens Rasumussen and colleagues at the Riso
National Laboratory in Denmark (see the Recommended Further Reading list). This
work began in the 1960s, when they were tasked with designing and evaluating the
efficacy of nuclear power control systems for energy production. They quickly real-
ized that there was no single method available for such a complex sociotechnical
systems design. This gave rise to the development of a suite of approaches. Initially
these methods were stand-alone, but they soon realized that they could be integrated
to provide the CWA framework we recognize today. The importance of those origi-
nal pioneers of CWA cannot be overstated. They have performed a great service to
the disciplines of cognitive engineering, human factors and ergonomics.
The history of the CWA would not be complete without mentioning Kim Vicente
(see the Recommended Further Reading list) who, as a second generation of CWA
enthusiast, worked with Jens to provide a user-friendly introduction to the frame-
work. Kim also led a team of researchers who have shown how CWA can form the
basis of ecological interface design (EID). The bridge between system analysis and
design is often a difficult one to cross, but this pioneering work has inspired the
research community and contributions to this book.
Our own modest contributions to CWA came in the form of a practical how-to-
do-it book and accompanying software (see the Recommended Further Reading list).
The software has been disseminated widely as free-of-charge shareware. We have
run tutorials in CWA all over the world and continue to teach it to our students and
colleagues at our respective institutions. We have also used the framework in the
many projects that we have been involved in over the past decade, some of which are
contained in this book. It seemed timely and fitting to edit a text on the applications
of CWA (as an update to what is already been published – see the Recommended
Further Reading list), to which we have invited contributions from all over the world.
We are pleased to have contributions from Australia, Canada, Sweden and the United
Kingdom. It is our hope that readers of this book will be inspired by the practical
nature of CWA, and feel empowered to apply the framework in their own work.
Neville A. Stanton
Professor of Human Factors Engineering
University of Southampton
ix