Table Of ContentCognitive Electrophysiology
Cognitive
Electrophysiology
H.-J. Heinze T. F. Munte G. R. Mangun
Editors
With a Foreword by Michael S. Gazzaniga
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
H.-J. Heinze T. F. Miinte
Medizinische Hochschule Hannover Medizinische Hochschule Hannover
Neurologische Klinik Neurologische Klinik
Konstanty-Gutschow-StraBe 8 0-3000 Hannover 61
0-3000 Hannover 61 Germany
Germany
George R. Mangun
Center for Neuroscience
University of California, Oavis
Oavis, California 95616
U.S.A
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© 1994 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Birkhâuser Boston in 1994
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ISBN 978-1-4612-6693-8 ISBN 978-1-4612-0283-7 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4612-0283-7
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Foreword
MICHAEL S. GAZZANIGA
The investigation of the human brain and mind involves a myriad of ap
proaches. Cognitive neuroscience has grown out of the appreciation that these
approaches have common goals that are separate from other goals in the neural
sciences. By identifying cognition as the construct of interest, cognitive neuro
science limits the scope of investigation to higher mental functions, while
simultaneously tackling the greatest complexity of creation, the human mind.
The chapters of this collection have their common thread in cognitive
neuroscience. They attack the major cognitive processes using functional stud
ies in humans. Indeed, functional measures of human sensation, perception,
and cognition are the keystone of much of the neuroscience of cognitive sci
ence, and event-related potentials (ERPs) represent a methodological "coming
of age" in the study of the intricate temporal characteristics of cognition.
Moreover, as the field of cognitive ERPs has matured, the very nature of
physiology has undergone a significant revolution. It is no longer sufficient to
describe the physiology of non-human primates; one must consider also the
detailed knowledge of human brain function and cognition that is now available
from functional studies in humans-including the electrophysiological studies
in humans described here. Together with functional imaging of the human brain
via positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance
imaging (fMRI), ERPs fill our quiver with the arrows required to pierce more
than the single neuron, but the networks of cognition.
Studies of both normal and neurological patients are addressed in this
volume. Heinze, Munte, and Mangun have organized a series of essays that
represent a significant contribution to the field of "cognitive electrophysi
ology." Represented in the present book are chapters contributed by both the
vi Foreword
major leaders in the field of cognitive electrophysiology and the new generation
of young experimentalists trained in the complexities of functional human brain
analysis. Several chapters are noteworthy in their contributions to current is
sues in cognition.
Hillyard and colleagues review interesting recent work in visual attention
and provide convincing new data on the mechanisms of early selection and the
relationship between signal detection parameters and the underlying physiolog
ical mechanisms. Their chapter illustrates the most current innovations in re
search in spatial attention, and helps us understand the role of early selection
mechanisms in terms of perception and performance. In a related vein, the
chapter by the editors, Heinze, Miinte, and Mangun, investigate global and
local processing within hierarchically organized visual stimuli and provide
physiological evidence for separations in the mechanisms responsible in each.
ERPs to global targets versus local targets can index the interactions and inter
ference of "part and whole" in object analysis. Such electrophysiological evi
dence helps us to understand the importance of the temporal advantage in ERPs
by providing strong evidence as to why one perceptual processing stage mayor
may not interact with another given the particular task constraints.
Linguistics and neuroscience are elegantly merged in the contribution of
Kutas and Kluender, "What Is Who Violating?" The precision with which
ERPs can dissect the microstructure of cognition within the current theoretical
frameworks of language is illustrated by these authors. Can one conceive of a
reductionist approach to the brain that will reveal the layers of processing
inherent in human language the way in which modern tools such as these are
succeeding? The use of language incongruencies and on-line sentence process
ing to parse the language systems of the brain into understandable units repre
sent a leap forward in brain-based studies of human language. Their combined
linguistic and ERP method is a step forward in physiological studies of lan
guage and reflects the appreciation of traditionally conservative disciplines,
such as linguistics, of the value of asking cognitive neuroscience questions
about language.
Studies of cognitive processes in normal persons can be contrasted with
related work in neurological patients. The chapter by Nielsen-Bohlman and
Knight illustrates the state-of-the-art in combined electrophysiological and neu
ropsychological studies of cognition. Utilizing their careful, neurologically
sophisticated analyses of focal neurological damage, they attack the question of
human memory and lead us into new considerations of memory functions.
These studies are not mere rehashing of the wealth of knowledge gained by a
century of observation by behavioral neurologists. Rather, utilizing the power
of modern anatomical imaging, these and like-minded neurologists and cogni
tive neuroscientists are actively pursuing a refinement of our understanding of
human cortical functioning. By combining this approach with ERPs, Nielsen
Bohlman and Knight lead a new charge into the study of higher mental func
tions from the neuropsychological perspective.
Foreword vii
Though one principle advantage of ERPs is the ability to investigate brain
processes directly in humans, ERPs do not limit us to asking questions only in
humans. In his comprehensive review, Paller bridges the gap between human
studies of memory and investigations in non-human primates. As a leader in the
field of animal models of memory using ERP measures, Paller provides a
thorough review of the issues and instructs the novice in the intricacies of such
combined human and animal research. The result is a sense of both the difficul
ties and the bounty that such studies present the field of cognitive neuroscience.
In an era in which with each passing year a new imaging method is
presented as the new oracle of the human brain, ERPs-and their magnetic
counterpart-remain the tool of choice for investigating the millisecond-to
millisecond functioning of the brain during sensation, perception, cognition,
and action. In the face of the new "phrenology" of functional imaging, ERPs
persist as the only way to view the complex interplay between neural processors
that operate in the millisecond time domain. With their growing legions of
advocates, ERPs will continue to be the functional imaging analog of the
cognitive psychologist's reaction time measure. And with no less impact, the
cognitive electrophysiological approach will remain the standard of temporal
resolution for the foreseeable future. The present volume represents a concise
and current reflection of the state of a dynamic field of research.
Contents
Foreword
Michael S. Gazzaniga.......................................... v
Contributors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Xl
1. The Cuing of Attention to Visual Field Locations:
Analysis with ERP Recordings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Steven A. Hillyard, Steven J. Luck, and George R. Mangun
2. Selective Visual Attention: Selective Cuing, Selective Cognitive
Processing, and Selective Response Processing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
G. Mulder, A. A. Wijers, K. A. Brookhuis, H. G. O. M. Smid,
and L. J. M. Mulder
3. Orienting Attention in the Visual Fields:
An Electrophysiological Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
George R. Mangun
4. The Order of Global- and Local-Level Information Processing:
Electrophysiological Evidence for Parallel Perceptual Processes . .. 102
H.-J. Heinze, Sonke Johannes, T. F. Mante, and
George R. Mangun
5. Event-Related Potentials and Stimulus Repetition in Direct and
Indirect Tests of Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 124
Michael D. Rugg and Michael C. Doyle
x Contents
6. Slow Potentials During Long-Term Memory Retrieval. . . . . . . . . . .. 149
Frank Rosier, Martin Heil, and Erwin Hennighausen
7. Event-Related Potentials Dissociate Immediate and
Delayed Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 169
L. Nielsen-Bohlman and R. T. Knight
8. What Is Who Violating? A Reconsideration of Linguistic
Violations in Light of Event-Related Brain Potentials. . . . . . . . . . .. 183
Marta Kutas and Robert Kluender
9. ERP Negativities During Syntactic Processing of Written Words. .. 211
T. F. Munte and H. -J. Heinze
10. ERP Mapping: A Tool for Assessing Language Disorders? ....... 239
Daniel Brandeis and Dietrich Lehmann
11. Threshold Variations in Cortical Cell Assemblies and Behavior. . .. 248
N. Birbaumer, W. Lutzenberger, T. Elbert, and T. Trevorrow
12. The Influence of Hand Movements on Cortical Negative
DC Potentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 265
J. Niemann, T. Winker, A. Hufschmidt, and C. H. Lucking
13. Principles of Electrogenesis of Slow Field Potentials in the Brain .. 288
E.-J. Speckmann, U. Altrup, A. Lucke, and R. Kohling
14. The Neural Substrates of Cognitive Event-Related Potentials:
A Review of Animal Models of P3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 300
Ken A. Paller
15. Theta and Delta Responses in Cognitive Event-Related Potential
Paradigms and Their Possible Psychophysiological Correlates. . . .. 334
Erol Ba~ar, Martin Schilrmann, Canan Ba~ar-Eroglu,
and Tamer Demiralp
16. Magnetoencephalogy in the Study of Human Brain Functions. . . .. 368
Riitta Hari
Keyword Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 379
Contributors
U. AItrup Institut fiir Experimentelle Epilepsieforschung, Universitat Miin
ster, Hiifferstrafie 68, D-48149 Miinster, Germany
Erol Ba~ar Institut fiir Physiologie, Medizinische Universitat Liibeck, Ratze
burger Allee 160, D-2400 Liibeck, Germany
Canan Ba~ar-Eroglu Institute for Medical Psychology, Medizinische Uni
versitat Liibeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-2400 Liibeck, Germany
N. Birbaumer Eberhard-Karls-Universitat, Medical Psychology and Behav
ioral Neuroscience, Gartenstrafie 29, D-7400 Tiibingen, Germany
Daniel Brandeis Neurologie, Universitatsspital, CH-8091 Ziirich, Switzer
land
K. A. Brookhuis Institute for Experimental and Occupational Psychology,
University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS Groningen, The
Netherlands
Tamer Demiralp Institut fiir Physiologie, Medizinische Universitat Liibeck,
Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-2400 Liibeck, Germany
Michael C. Doyle Wellcome Brain Research Group, Department of Psychol
ogy, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9JU, United Kingdom
T. Elbert University of Miinster, Institute for Experimental Audiology, Kar
dinal-von-Galen-Ring 10, D-4400 Miinster, Germany
xii Contributors
Michael S. Gazzaniga Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurol
ogy, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
Riitta Hari Low Temperature Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technol
ogy, Otakaari 3A, SF-02150 Espoo, Finland
Martin Heil Department of Psychology, Philipps-Universitiit, Gutenberg
straBe 18, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
H.-J. Heinze Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Neurologische Klinik,
Konstanty-Gutschow-StraBe 8, D-30623 Hannover, Germany
Erwin Hennighausen Department of Psychology, Philipps-Universitiit, Gu
tenbergstraBe 18, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
Steven A. Hillyard Department of Neurosciences, 0608, University of Cali
fornia, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0608, USA
A. Hufschmidt Neurologische Universitiitsklinik Freiburg, HansastraBe 9,
D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
Sonke Johannes Neurologische Klinik, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover,
Konstanty-Gutschow-StraBe 8, D-30623 Hannover, Germany
Robert Kluender Department of Linguistics, University of California, San
Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0115, USA
R. T. Knight Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, Uni
versity of California at Davis, Veterans Administration Medical Center, 150
Muir Road, Martinez, California 94553, USA
R. Kohling Institut fUr Experimentelle Epilepsieforschung, Universitiit Miin
ster, HiifferstraBe 68, D-48149 Miinster, Germany
Marta Kutas Department of Cognitive Science, C-015, University of Cali
fornia, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0115, USA
Dietrich Lehmann Neurologie, Universitiitsspital, CH-8091 Ziirich, Switz
erland
Steven J. Luck Department of Neurosciences, 0608, University of Califor
nia, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla California 92093-0608, USA
A. Lucke Institut fUr Physiologie, Universitiit Miinster, Robert-Koch-StraBe
27a, D-48149 Miinster, Germany
C. H. Lucking Neurologische Universitiitsklinik Freiburg, HansastraBe 9,
D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
W. Lutzenberger University of Tiibingen, Institute of Medical Psychology
and Behavioral Neurobiology, GartenstraBe 29, D-7400 Tiibingen, Germany
