Cognitive, Conative and Behavioral Neurology: An Evolutionary Perspective

333 Pages·2016·19.43 MB·English

by  Michael Hoffmann (auth.)

Michael Hoff mann
Cognitive, Conative
and Behavioral
Neurology
An Evolutionary
Perspective
123
Cognitive, Conative and Behavioral
Neurology

Michael Hoffmann
Cognitive, Conative
and Behavioral
Neurology
An Evolutionary Perspective
Michael Hoffmann MD, PhD
Professor of Neurology
Orlando VA Medical Center
University of Central Florida
Orlando , FL , USA
ISBN 978-3-319-33179-9 ISBN 978-3-319-33181-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-33181-2
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016942546
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or
part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way,
and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software,
or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
T he use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
T he publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in
this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor
the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material
contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.
Printed on acid-free paper
This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature
The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland
For my wife Bronwyn, daughter Jenna Leigh
and son Michael

Pref ace
Human mind disorders are both fascinating and manifold in their presenta-
tions. The vast panoply of cognitive and behavioral syndromes spans several
clinical disciplines, principally neurology, psychiatry, and psychology, each
with their distinctive cultural and methodological approaches. Each disci-
pline has made pivotal contributions in understanding the science of the mind.
Yet their areas of concentrations across syndromes, disease states, and brain
circuitry differ. What is becoming more pertinent today is the cross-
disciplinary approach to patient diagnosis, treatment, and care. That premise
is a primary focus of the book with the hope of fostering closer ties and col-
laborations amongst the primary clinical brain disciplines.
A unifying concept and approach is welding of the known syndromes into
evolutionary origins. Evolutionary medicine has been touted as the most
important basic science. By deciphering the origins of our anatomy, physiol-
ogy, and brain circuitry and how they were exapted from prior structures goes
a long way to understanding some of the more perplexing higher cortical
function disorders. Einstein once retorted to the question; “How did you
come up with the theory of relativity? By ignoring an axiom”! So it is today,
with the study of the human mind. Until very recently everyone “knew” that
we acquired bigger brains than apes, from which greater intelligence fl owed
and we then started making tools. Because our hands had to be freed up, this
inaugurated bipedality. However, the reverse is true. We walked before we
thought. Current evidence even suggests we spent over a million years in
water, wading, fi shing, swimming and in the process acquired unique attri-
butes such as substantial fat layers, a tenfold adipocyte increase, nakedness, a
descended larynx, and large sinuses in addition to bipedality. Such evolve-
ment is critical to understanding how the brain circuitry evolved and our
minds. Hence the evolutionary perspective on human cognition, conation,
and behavior.
Orlando, FL, USA Michael Hoffmann
vii

Acknowledgments
T he authors publications and images included in the fi gures were derived
from four separate IRB approved cognitive stroke registries using cognitive
vascular disorders as the brain lesion model.
1. The NIH-NINDS Stroke Data Bank (New York)
Under the following contracts;
N01-NS 2-2302, N01-NS-2-2384, N01-NS-2-2398, N01-NS-2-2399,
N01-NS-6-2305N01-NS 2-2302, N01-NS-2-2384, N01-NS-2-2398,
N01-NS-2-2399, N01-NS-6-2305
Status of stroke research fellow (1990-1991)
2. The Durban Stroke Data Bank. IRB approval University of Natal,
Durban, South Africa (memorandum dated signed)
Status: Principal Investigator (1992–1998)
3. The USF-TGH Stroke Registry. IRB # 102354 (University of South
Florida)
Status: Principal Investigator (2002–2006)
4. The USF-Cognitive Stroke Registry. IRB # 106113 (University of
South Florida)
Status: Principal Investigator (2007–2010)
Additional notice regarding references
1. Source article for frontal chapter: Open source article updated and adapted from:
Hoffmann M. T he human frontal lobes and frontal network systems: an evolutionary,
clinical, and treatment perspective . ISRN Neurol. 2013;2013:892459. doi:
10.1155/2013/892459. Epub 2013 Mar 14.PMID: 23577266. F ree PMC Article
2 . S ource article for neuroradiology and treatment: Open source article updated and
adapted from:
Hoffmann M. T he human frontal lobes and frontal network systems: an evolutionary,
clinical, and treatment perspective . ISRN Neurol. 2013;2013:892459. doi:
10.1155/2013/892459. Epub 2013 Mar 14.PMID: 23577266. F ree PMC Article
3. Source article for part of the introductory remarks:
From PhD thesis, Department of Behavioral Medicine, University of KwaZulu Natal,
April 2014
ix