Table Of ContentSPRINGER HANDBOOK OF
AUDITORY RESEARCH
Series Editors: Richard R. Fay and Arthur N. Popper
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
SPRINGER HANDBOOK OF AUDITORY RESEARCH
Valurne 1: The Mammalian Auditory Pathway: Neuroanatomy
Edited by Douglas B. Webster, Arthur N. Popper, and Richard R. Fay
Valurne 2: The Mammalian Auditory Pathway: Neurophysiology
Edited by Arthur N. Popper and Richard R. Fay
Valurne 3: Human Psychophysics
Edited by William Yost, Arthur N. Popper, and Richard R. Fay
Valurne 4: Cornparative Hearing: Mammals
Edited by Richard R. Fay and Arthur N. Popper
Valurne 5: Hearing by Bats
Edited by Arthur N. Popper and Richard R. Fay
Valurne 6: Auditory Cornputation
Edited by Harold L. Hawkins, Teresa A. McMullen, Arthur N. Popper, and
Richard R. F ay
Valurne 7: Clinical Aspects ofHearing
Edited by Thomas R. Va n De Water, Arthur N. Popper, and Richard R. Fay
Valurne 8: The Cochlea
Edited by Peter Da/los, Arthur N. Popper, and Richard R. Fay
Valurne 9: Development ofthe Auditory System
Edited by Edwin W Rubel, Arthur N. Popper, and Richard R. Fay
Valurne 10: Comparative Hearing: Insects
Edited by Ronald Hoy, Arthur N. Popper, and Richard R. Fay
Valurne 11: Cornparative Hearing: Fish and Amphibians
Edited by Richard R. Fay and Arthur N. Popper
Valurne 12: Hearing by Whales and Dolphins
Edited by Whitlow W.L. Au, Arthur N. Popper, and Richard R. Fay
Valurne 13: Comparative Hearing: Birds and Reptiles
Edited by Robert Dooling, Arthur N. Popper, and Richard R. Fay
Valurne 14: Genetics and Auditory Disorders
Edited by Bronya J.B. Keats, Arthur N. Popper, and Richard R. Fay
Valurne 15: Integrative Functions in the Mammalian Auditory Pathway
Edited by Donata Oertel, Richard R. Fay, and Arthur N. Popper
Valurne 16: Acoustic Communication
Edited by Andrea Simmons, Arthur N. Popper, and Richard R. Fay
Valurne 17: Compression: From Cochlea to Cochlear Implants
Edited by Sid P. Bacon, Richard R. Fay, and Arthur N. Popper
Volume 18: Speech Processing in the Auditory System
Edited by Steven Greenberg, William Ainsworth, Arthur N. Popper, and Richard R. Fay
Volume 19: The Vestibular System
Edited by Stephen M. Highstein, Richard R. Fay, and Arthur N. Popper
Valurne 20: Cochlear lmplants: Auditory Prosthesesand Electric Hearing
Edited by Fan-Gang Zeng, Arthur N. Popper, and Richard R. Fay
For more information about the series, please visit www.springer-ny.com/shar.
Fan-Gang Zeng
Arthur N. Popper
Richard R. Fay
Editors
Cochlear Implants:
Auditory Prostheses and
Electric Hearing
With 100 Illustrations
' Springer
Fan-Gang Zeng Arthur N. Popper
University of California-Irvine Department of Biology and
Departments of Otolaryngology, Anatomy Neuroscience and
and Neurobiology, Biomedical Engineering Cogntive Science Program
and Cognitive Seiences University of Maryland
Irvine, CA 92697 College Park, MD 20742-4415, USA
USA [email protected]
[email protected]
Richard R. Fay
Department of Psychology and
Parmly Hearing Institute
Loyola University of Chicago
Chicago, IL 60626, USA
[email protected]
Series Editors: Richard R. Fay and Arthur N. Popper
Cover illustration: Theinset figure has been taken from chapter 4 (in text, Figure 4.1);
authors for this chapter are Patricia A. Leake and Stephen J. Rebscher.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Zeng, Fan-Gang.
Cochlear implants : auditory prostheses and electric hearing I Fan-Gang Zeng,
Arthur N. Popper, Richard Fay.
p. cm.-(Springer handbook of auditory research; v. 20)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Cochlear implants. 2. Hearing impaired-Rehabilitation. 3. Electrocochleography.
I. Popper, Arthur N. II. Fay, Richard R. III. Title. IV. Series.
RF305.Z46 2004
617 .8'82-dc22 2003058950
ISBN 978-1-4419-2346-2 ISBN 978-0-387-22585-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-0-387-22585-2
© 2004 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. 2004
Softcoverreprint of the hardcover Istedition 2004
All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the
written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC), except for
brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form
of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar
or dissimilar methodology now know or hereafter developed is forbidden.
The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even
if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether
or not they are subject to proprietary rights.
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 SPIN 10940358
www.springer-ny.com
springeronline.com
Contents
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vn
Series Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1x
Valurne Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
1. Auditory Prostheses: Past, Present, and Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
FAN-GANG ZENG
2. Engineering Design of Cochlear Implants 14
BLAKE S. WILSON
3. Cochlear Implants: Clinical Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
JOHN K. NIPARKO
4. Anatomical Considerations and Long-Term Effects of
Electrical Stimulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
PATRICIA A. LEAKE AND STEPHEN J. REBSCHER
5. Biophysics and Physiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
p AUL J. ABBAS AND CHARLES A. MILLER
6. Central Responses to Electrical Stimulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
RAINER HARTMANN AND ANDREJ KRAL
7. Psychophysics and Electrical Stimulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
CoLETTE M. McKAY
8. Speech Perception with Cochlear Implants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
RoBERT V. SHANNON, ÜIAN-JIE Fu, JoHN GALVIN, AND
LENDRA FRIESEN
9. Learning, Memory, and Cognitive Processes in Deaf
Children Following Cochlear Implantation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
DAVID B. PISONI AND MIRANDA CLEARY
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
V
Contributors
PAUL J. ABBAS
Audiology and Speech Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City IA 52242,
USA
MIRANDA CLEARY
Speech Research Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Indiana Univer
sity, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
LENDRA FRIESEN
Auditory Implants and Perception, Hause Ear Institute, Los Angeles, CA
90057, USA
QIAN-JIE FU
Auditory Implants and Perception, Hause Ear Institute, Los Angeles, CA
90057, USA
JOHN GALVIN
Auditory Implants and Perception, Hause Ear Institute, Los Angeles, CA
90057, USA
RAINER HARTMANN
Institute of Sensory Physiology and Neurophysiology, J.W. Goethe Univer
sity, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
ANDREJ KRAL
Institute of Sensory Physiology and Neurophysiology, J.W. Goethe Univer
sity, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
PATRICIA A. LEAKE
Epstein Laboratory, Department of Otolaryngology, University of
California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0526, USA
vii
vm Contributors
COLETTE M. McKAY
Department of Otolaryngology, University of Melbourne, East Melbourne
3002, Australia
CHARLES A. MILLER
Department of Otololaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of
lowa, Iowa City, lA 52242, USA
JOHN K. NIPARKO
Division of Otology, Neurotology, and Skull Base Surgery, Johns Hopkins
Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
DAVID B. PISONI
Speech Research Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Indiana Univer
sity, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
STEPHEN J. REBSCHER
Epstein Laboratory, Department of Otolaryngology, University of
California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0526, USA
ROBERT V. SHANNON
Auditory Implants and Perception, Hause Ear Institute, Los Angeles, CA
90057, USA
BLAKE S. WILSON
Center for Auditory Prosthesis Research, Research Triangle Institute/Duke
University, North Corolina 27709-2194, USA
FAN-GANG ZENG
Departments of Otolaryngology, Anatomy and Neurobiology, Biomedical,
Engineering, and Cognitive Sciences, University of California-Irvine,
Irvine, CA 92697, USA
Series Preface
The Springer Handbook of Auditory Research presents a series of com
prehensive and synthetic reviews of the fundamental topics in modern
auditory research. The volumes are aimed at all individuals with interests
in hearing research including advanced graduate students, post-doctoral
researchers, and clinical investigators. The volumes are intended to intro
duce new investigators to important aspects of hearing science and to help
established investigators to betterunderstand the fundamental theories and
data in fields of hearing that they may not normally follow closely.
Each volume is intended to present a particular topic comprehensively,
and each chapter serves as a synthetic overview and guide to the literature.
As such, the chapters present neither exhaustive data reviews nor original
research that has not yet appeared in peer-reviewed journals. The volumes
focus on topics that have developed a solid data and conceptual foundation
rather than on those for which a literatme is only beginning to develop.
New research areas will be covered on a timely basis in the series as they
begin to mature.
Each volume in the series consists of approximately five to nine sub
stantial chapters on a particular topic. In some cases, the topics will be ones
of traditional interest for which there is a substantial body of data and
theory, such as auditory neuroanatomy (Vol. 1) and neurophysiology (Vol.
2). Other volumes in the series will deal with topics that have begun to
mature more recently, such as development, plasticity, and computational
models of neural processing. In many cases, the series editors will be joined
by a co-editor having special expertise in the topic of the volume.
Arthur N. Popper, College Park, MD
Richard R. Fay, Chicago, IL
ix
"olunae Preface
The auditory prosthesis is perhaps the most successful neural prosthesis
that uses electric stimulation to enhance or restore human neural, sensory,
and motor function. Auditory prostheses have been used successfully to
partially restore hearing in more than 60,000 hearing-impaired people
worldwide. The auditory prostheses range from early single-electrode to
modern multiple-electrode cochlear implants that bypass the damaged
cochlea and stimulate the auditory nerve with electric currents. They also
include specifically designed short electrodes and signal processing schemes
that optimally combine the residuallow-frequency acoustic hearing and the
high-frequency electric hearing. Furthermore, the auditory prostheses may
stimulate the auditory brainstem or cortex in patients whose auditory nerve
is not accessible because of, for example, acoustic tumors. This volume
focuses on cochlear implants, but also discusses the design principles and
performance data for other types of auditory prostheses.
In Chapter 1, Zeng gives a fascinating and highly useful historical
overview of the auditory prostheses and sets the content for the rest of this
volume. Wilson ( Chapter 2) then details the engineering design of the audi
tory prostheses from microphones to speech processors and from trans
mission links to electrodes. Niparko ( Chapter 3) provides a detailed account
of the evolving criteria in patient selection and additionally the surgical,
cost-utility, educational, pre- and postoperative issues in cochlear implants.
In Chapter 4, Leake and Rehscher address the anatomical and histological
changes as a consequence of auditory deprivation as weil as electric Stim
ulation. Abbas and Miller (Chapter 5) then focus on the biophysical and
physiological aspects of electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve, and
Hartmann and Kral (Chapter 6) emphasize the centrat auditory system's
responses to electric Stimulation. McKay (see Chapter 7) compares the psy
chophysical measures between acoustic and electric hearing in humans and
provides critical information regarding the stimulus coding in electric
hearing. Shannon, Fu, Galvin, and Friesen (Chapter 8) discuss speech pro
cessing and performance with cochlear implants, auditory brainstem
implants, bilateral cochlear implants, and combined acoustic and electric
xi
