Coasts, marine structures and breakwaters : adapting to change : proceedings of the 9th international conference organised by the Institution of Civil Engineers and held in Edinburgh on 16 to 18 september 2009

787 Pages·2010·55.105 MB·English

by  Allsop, Nigel William Henry

Coasts, marine structures
and breakwaters
Adapting to change
Proceedings of the 9th international conference organised
by the Institution of Civil Engineers and held in Edinburgh
on 16 to 18 September 2009
Edited by William Allsop
Q
thomas telford
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First Published 2010
Also available from Thomas Telford Limited
Coastal zone management. D. Green (ed.). ISBN: 978-0-7277-3516-4
Future flooding and coastal erosion risks. C.R. Thorne, E. Penning-Rowsella nd E. Evans.
ISBN: 978-0-7277-3449-5
Coastal management. ICE. ISBN: 978-0-7277-3568-3
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ISBN: 978-0-7277-4129-5 (Volumes 1 and 2)
ISBN: 978-0-7277-4130-1 (Volume 1)
ISBN: 978-0-7277-4131-8 (Volume 2)
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Editors’ Preface
These conferences, sponsored by the Institution of Civil Engineers for more than
25 years, discuss the state of the art in analysis, design and construction of
breakwaters and other types of coastal structures, including interactions between
coastlines and structures, and vice versa. This 9th conference has continued to
reflect more generally holistic approaches to the use of coastal structures, with
strong emphases on the wider influences on design, construction and use. This
now includes the use of nearshore structures to extract wave or tidal stream
power, as well as structures to protect coastlines or harbours. It was therefore
particularly appropriate that this conference was opened by Jim Mather MSP
(Minister for Energy in the Scottish Government), assisted by Phil Gilmore
(Marine Scotland) and Paul Jowitt (ICE President-Elect).T his preface highlights
some of the issues discussed at this conference, but it may also be helpful to
recall topics covered previously in this series of Conferences.
Previous conferences in this series
These conferences started in September 1982 with a gathering covering legal,
planning and administrative issues of shoreline protection, and advances in
coastal protection methods and schemes. The 1s t Breakwater conference
per se (May 1983) paid particular emphasis to damage to large rubble
breakwaters in Portugal, Spain, Libya, Algeria, Italy, and USA during 1978-81.
Reasons for failures included under-estimation of wave conditions, failure of
slender concrete armour units, and geotechnical instabilities. These failures
stimulated research on breakwaters, particularly on global and geotechnical
failure modes and strength/fragility of concrete armour units. The 2nd and 3rd
conferences (October 1985, May 1988) then described advances in wave and
water level predictions, risk analysis approaches, methods to model harbour
layouts; as well as design, construction and performance of breakwaters.
By the 4th conference (November 1991), large breakwaters were discussed less,
with papers covering: climate change, seawalls, a shoreline wave power device,
as well as improvements in design methods for large breakwaters, including
PIANC’s partial safety factors for rubble mound breakwaters. For the 5th
conference (April 1995), subjects expanded to include more on risk analysis in
general, and mapping of potential flood areas in particular, beach modelling,
and beach control methods. There was again more emphasis on sea defences
and on beach control including use of groynes and/or submerged breakwaters.
The 6th conference (March 1998) again included more on sea defence and coast
protection schemes, as well as risk methods in scheme design, and ecological
implications of coastal structures. Results of major research projects on
breakwater or seawall performance, e.g. from the PROVERBS project, were
presented, but there was now significantly less emphasis on large
breakwaters. This continued in the 7th conference (September 2001) in which,
of 39 papers, 13 covered design and construction of schemes, 16 were on
new/improved inspection and analysis methods, 5 papers on topics in
coastline morphology and a further 3 addressed legal/environmental aspects.
The 8th conference (April 2005) maintained the usual spread of papers between
research, design and construction, with strong emphasis on practical application.
The programme expanded to allow 42 papers to be presented. Recent research
results here included new guidance on wave loadings; advances in predicting
wave overtopping (much from the CLASH project); effects of climate change
on coastal flooding (from the major Foresight project on Flooding and Coastal
Erosion risks to the UK over the next 30-100 years); and improvements in
hazard and reliability analysis.
The 9th conference
For the first time in Edinburgh, the 9th Breakwaters & Coastal Structures
conference has substantially expanded the number and coverage of papers,
and has added a local innovation in the conference “fringe” - a set of rapid-
fire papers on developing issues, current projects and research of specialist
interest. With 113 main session papers, supplemented by 15 fringe papers,
this conference was 2 ; times larger than before, the major expansion being in
the design and performance of near-coast renewable energy devices,
structure foundations, and wider issues associated with managing shorelines.
There have been many conferences on methods to extract marine energy, but
this event has brought together device developers and the engineers who
must design, construct and maintain the infrastructure to support those devices.
The conference has therefore continued to reflect the more holistic approaches
being taken to coastal engineering worldwide; the papers and discussion
presented here continue to reflect wide-ranging views and experiences.
What next?
It is clear from the topics discussed here, and those not formally raised but
of interest, that a wider range of issues will be debated in the future. This
should certainly include: design/construction of breakwaters on soft soils;
constructability in swell conditions; performance of concrete armour units;
climate change effects on performance, and adaptation; deterioration of
current infrastructure; sustainability and carbon footprints of interventions; and
rather more on the design, performance, and constructability of renewable
energy devices. As before, policy, strategic and administrative roles of central,
local government and agencies will also be debated.
The next conference in this series is anticipated for Spring 201 3.
Proceeding editors:
N. W. H. Allsop (HR Wallingford, and University of Southampton)
P. C Barber (Shoreline Management Partnership)
K. A. Burgess (Halcrow)
T. Bruce (University of Edinburgh)
J. Roberts (Odyssey Consultants)
Contents
Conference opening
Progress towards a viable UK Marine renewable energy
I. G. BRYDEN 2
Historical experience of vertical breakwaters in the UK
N. W. H. ALLSOP 14
The sea versus Wick Breakwater 1863-77 - an instructive
disaster
R. PAXTON 31
Breakwater development in Spain. The last ten years
R. GUTIERREZ-SERREJT. ,M . GRASSAA ND J. I. GRAU 43
Session discussion 62
Design optimisation
Cost effectiveness of the renovation scenarios of the
IJmuiden breakwaters
H. JANSSEND, . HEINEKEA ND M. DE VRlES 72
Stochastic risk-based life cycle simulation of century old
jetties at the mouth of the Columbia River, USA
H. R. MORITZA ND H. P. MORITZ 84
-
Risk awareness key to a sustainable design approach for
breakwater armouring
J. S. REEDIJKM, . MUTRAY AND H. BERGMANN 96
Reliability analysis of breakwater armour blocks of harbours
in Korea
s.-w. KIM AND K.-D. SUH 108
Session discussion 120
Breakwaters
Single layer armour systems -toe, crest and roundhead
details
P. BESLEYA ND M. DENECHERE 128
On the design of quasi-static Berm Breakwaters
0.J . SAYAO AND P. LOMONACO 142
Development of an Icelandic-type berm breakwater for the
Oakajee port project in Western Australia
S. SIGUDARSONR, . MOCKE0, . SMARASONB,. CARLTON
w.
AND ALLSOP 156
Evolution of damage on roundheads protected with cubes
and cubipod armour units
P. LOMONANCOC, . VIDAL, J. R. MEDINAA ND M. E. GOMEZ-MARTIN1 69
Session discussion 181
Improving existing facilities
Isles of Scilly link harbour improvements, social and
environmental issues in a unique island location
G. ROBERTSHAWN,. PINNINGTON, N. YEATES AND c. MOITRAM 190
Extending the life of Brighton Marina breakwaters from 30 to
130 years
J. ORRELLW, . ALLSOP,J . SCRATCHARAD., CHAPMAN,
J. BROOMFIELADN D J. DAVEY 203
Restoration of St. Catherine’s breakwater roundhead,
Jersey, Channel Islands
S. HOLD 21 5
Session discussion 227
Use of concrete in maritime engineering
Introducing the new ClRlA manual on the use of concrete in
the maritime environment
s. DUPRAYK, . GAMST,G . ROBERTSHAWJ., SlM AND w.A LLSOP 230
Review of the use of concrete in the manufacture of concrete
armour units.
s. DUPRAYA ND J. ROBERTS 245
Cube and cubipod armour unit drop tests and cost analysis
J. R. MEDINA,M . E. GOMEZ-MARTINA,. CORREDORR, . TORRES,
J. V. MINANA,E . FERNANDEZc,. F. MENENDEAZN D M. SANTOS 260
Application of the finite-discrete element method to dynamic
stress development in armour units and armour layers
P. LATHAMA ND J. XlANG 272
Physical modelling of the mechanical and hydrodynamic
behaviour of reinforced concrete floating breakwaters:
Application in Baiona (Galicia, Spain)
E. PENA, F. SANCHEZ-TEMBLEQUJE. ,F ERRERAS0,. PINON,
J. A. RODR~GUEANZD P. URQUIJO 285
Session discussion 297
Innovation in construction
-
Rehabilitation of the old cube breakwater of Port of Poti
Georgia with Xbloc@a rmour units
P. BAKKER 304
Installation of Caisson breakwater at Costa Azul, Mexico
w. HIBBS,P . BOWERSAN D M. YOUNG AND J. DINGWALL 31 6
Dredging innovations for Dames Point Container Terminal,
Jacksonville
P. STARR AND H. FREDERICK 328
Innovation in the Extension to the Port of Gijon
J. L. DIAZ-RATOM, . DE MIGUELR IESTRAA ND J. M. RETAMERO 340
Session discussion 352
Coastal manaaement
Our Living Coast - a strategic overview
A. BAPTISTEA ND J. HUTCHISON, 356
One hundred and beyond: using shoreline management
plans
J. G. L. GUTHRIEN, . J. COOPERS, . ROWE,P . PATERSON,
T. OAKES, K. THOMAS,P . BRIGGSA ND s. LOMBARDO 368
-
UK Shoreline Management Planning enlightened or occult
P. C. BARBER 379
Louisiana’s comprehensive Master Plan for a sustainable
coast: a response to hurricanes Katrina and Rita in 2005
J. PORTHOUSE, A. HOSKING,N . JOHNSOANN D B. HAMER 392
Session discussion 404
Armour unit Dlacement
An overview of the construction of the Core-locTMa rmoured
breakwater at Newbiggin-by-the-Sea, Northumberland
J. PAULSEN AND A. WAREING 41 2
Innovative technique for single layer armour unit placement
P. VAN GELDRENAN D s. AULD 425
Armour unit placement and positioning in 3D real time
A. MOUQUET 437
Post-construction monitoring of a Core-locTMb reakwater
using Tripod-based LiDAR
J. PODOSKI, G. W. BAWDENs, . BOND,T . D. SMITH AND J. FOSTER4 48
Session discussion 460
Erosion risk
Storm damage and rehabilitation of coastal structures on
the east coast of South Africa
D. PHELP, M. ROSSOUW, A. MATHERAN D G. VELLA 464
Coastal erosion in Uruguay
G. LOPEZ,R . ALONSOR, . MOSQUERAAN D L. TEIXEIRA 476
A Rock and a Hard Place: managing coastal erosion risk at
Trow Quarry, South Shields
N. COOPER, A. WAINWRIGHT AND D. LEGGET 488
Cliff recession process modelling as a basis for set-back
definition
T. G. CARTERB, . E. COTRELL, L. F. S. BREWSTER,
J. L. CARVALHO AND A. s. POSCHMANN 498
Successful minimisation of cliffing on recharged mixed
shingle beaches
I. THOMASK, . SHE AND J. BOOTH 51 3
Session discussion 525
Development of ports and harbours
Breakwater construction at new port in Punta Langosteira,
A CoruAa, Spain. Execution process and technical
innovation
E. M. ALONSOF, . N. ARQUEROAN D V. B. GONZALEZ 532
The new Marina of Rodi Garganico: design, construction
and monitoring
L. FRANCOR, . CIFRA, P. CAPOLEI, D. CARlCARl AND 0. MAZZOLA 544
Expansion of Jebel Ali Port
D. V. PADRONS, . MISRA,P . RASCH,D . SHEN,A . DRISCOLL,
E. TANAGHOAN D A. A. ABBAR 556
Design to Construct
G. B. H. SPAAN AND A. HIBMA 568
Closing plenary: adapting to change
Energy and carbon costing of breakwaters
T. BRUCEA ND J. CHICK 582
The construction and commissioning of the Mutriku multiple
oscillating water column breakwater
T. HEATH 59 1
Rebuilding East Anglia’s beaches
S. HAYMAN 602
Coastal flooding in Scotland: past, present and future
T. BALL,L . M. BOOTH,R . W. DUCKA, . EDWARDSK,. HICKEYA ND
A. WERRITY 61 4
Plannina and renewables
Developings tandards & guidelines for marine energy devices
J. W. GRIFFITH 628
The development of technology evaluation protocols for the
equitable evaluation of marine renewable energy converters
D. INGRAM, G. H. SMITH, J. L. VILLATE, C.J ONSTONEAN D
C. B. FERREIRA 638
Tidal power from the estuaries of NW England
R. BURROWI., A. WALKINGTONN., C. YATES,T . S. HEDGESM, . LI,
J. G. ZHOU, J. WOLF, J. HOLT,R . PROCTOR AND D. PRANDLE 648
Analysis of the wave energy resource at the European
Marine Energy Centre
M. FOLLEYB, . ELSAESSEARN D T. WHITAKER 660
Seawalls
Optimisation of a step-berm embankment
J. MELBY,E . C. BURGW, . G. HENDERSOANN D D. C.M CVAN 672
Flare-shaped revetments: installation experience & results
on sensitivity of design to climate change
I. IRIE, Y. HAMAZAKKI,. MURAKAMAIN D T. TOYODA 684
Development of guidance for the management of the toe of
coastal defence structures
M. WALLIS, R. WHITEHOUSE AND N. LYNESS 696
The role of water and beach levels in seawall abrasion in the
macro-tidal high energy environment of Southeast
England
U. DORNBUSCH 708
Session discussion 720
Renewable schemes
Construction planning for the Greater Gabbard offshore
wind farm
D. SUMMERS 726
Development of wave energy breakwater at Siadar, Isle of
Lewis
c. PAlTERSON, R. DUNSIREAN D s. HILLIER 738