Table Of ContentNato Conference Series (closed) 11
Herman G. Gade · Anton Edwards
Harald Svendsen E ditors
Coastal
Oceanography
COASTAL
OCEANOGRAPHY
NATO CONFERENCE SERIES
Ecology
II Systems Science
III Human Factors
IV Marine Sciences
V Air-Sea Interactions
VI Materials Science
IV MARINE SCIENCES
Volume 1 Marine Natural Products Chemistry
edited by D. J. Faulkner and W. H. Fenical
Volume 2 Marine Organisms: Genetics, Ecology, and Evolution
edited by Bruno Battaglia and John A. Beardmore
Volume 3 Spatial Pattern in Plankton Communities
edited by John H. Steele
Volume 4 Fjord Oceanography
edited by Howard J. Freeland, David M. Farmer, and
Colin D. Levings
Volume 5 Bottom-interacting Ocean Acoustics
edited by William A. Kuperman and Finn B. Jensen
Volume 6 Marine Slides and Other Mass Movements
edited by Svend Saxov and J. K. Nieuwenhuis
Volume 7 The Role of Solar Ultraviolet Radiation
in Marine Ecosystems
edited by John Calkins
Volume 8 Structure and Development of the Greenland-Scotland Ridge
edited by Martin H. P. Bott, Svend Saxov,
Manik Talwani, and Jarn Thiede
Volume 9 Trace Metals in Sea Water
edited by C. S. Wong, Edward Boyle,
Kenneth W. Bruland, J. D. Burton, and Edward D. Goldberg
Volume 10A Coastal Upwelling: Its Sediment Record
Responses of the Sedimentary Regime to
Present Coastal Upwelling
edited by Erwin Suess and Jarn Thiede
Volume 108 Coastal Upwelling: Its Sediment Record
Sedimentary Records of Ancient Coastal Upwelling
edited by Jarn Thiede and Erwin Suess
Volume 11 Coastal Oceanography
edited by Herman G. Gade, Anton Edwards, and Harald Svendsen
COASTAL
OCEANOGRAPHY
Edited by
Herman G. Gade
University of Bergen
Bergen, Norway
Anton Edwards
Scottish Marine Biological Association
Oban, United Kingdom
and
Harald Svendsen
University of Bergen
Bergen, Norway
Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
NATO Advanced Research Institute on Coastal Oceanography (1982: Os, Hordaland
fylke, Norway)
Coastal oceanography.
(NATO conference series. IV, Marine sciences; v. 11)
"Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Research Institute on Coastal Oceanography,
held June 6-11, 1982, in Os, Norway"-Verso t.p.
"Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division."
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Oceanography-Congresses. I. Gade, Herman G. (Herman Gerhard), 1931-
II. Edwards, Anton. III. Svendsen, Harald. IV. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Scien
tific Affairs Division. V. Title. VI. Series.
GC2.N331982 551.47 83-9724
ISBN 978-1-4615-6650-2 ISBN 978-1-4615-6648-9 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-6648-9
Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Research Institute on Coastal
Oceanography, held June 6-11, 1982, in Os, Norway
© 1983 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1983.
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electroniC, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
PREFACE
This volume evolved from the Coastal Oceanography Workshop
held as a NATO Advanced Research Institute at Os, Norway, 6-11
June 1982. The organizing Committee, consisting of Dr. T. Carstens,
Dr. M. Mcrk, Dr. H.G. Gade and Dr. H. Svendsen relied to a great
extent on the support of an international advisory committee whose
members were Dr. G. Cannon (USA), Mr. A. Edwards (UK), Dr. D.M ..
Farmer (Canada), Prof. G. Kullenberg (Denmark), Prof. J.C.J. Nihcul
(Belgium) and Prof. J. Slindermann (Fed. Rep. Germany).
The aims of the Workshop were to deal with the frontiers of
research on physical oceanography of coastal waters, both inshore
and offshore including shelf waters and shelf seas. All relevant
aspects of these topics were the concern of the conference, but
stress was laid on the importance of bottom topography, particularly
irregular bottoms and coastlines. Among the contributions received
on conclusion of the Workshop were also a few papers aiming to
review certain sections of the field.
The papers presented in this volume range from purely descrip
tive to analytical studies and numerical or physical modelling.
However, the papers are arranged under general subject headings.
Because of the overlapping character of .the various subjects, many
papers could e~ually well have been placed in alternative sections.
The majority of the contributions is in accordance with given
standards of length etc., but because of the importance of recent
development in certain areas, a few papers are more extensive.
The meeting at Os provided a valuable opportunity for exchanges
of information and ideas. Some of these are already reflected in
the papers presented in this volume. The full impact of the Work
shop is, however, yet to come and we hope that this volume will be
instrumental in this purpose.
We thank the NATO Marine Science Committee for helping to make
the pUblication of this book possible.
Herman G. Gade
Edwards
~nton
Harald Svendsen
v
CONTENTS
COASTAL AND SHELF SEA CIRCULATION
On the Dynamics of Coastal Currents 1
M. Mark
Observations of the Alaska Coastal Current............................. 9
T. C. Royer
Aspects of the Dynamics of the Residual Circulation of
the Arabian Gulf .............................................................. 31
J. R. Hunter
Hydrodynamic Model of a Stratified Sea ................................. 43
N. S. Heaps
Three Dimensional Models of North Sea Circulation ................... 65
A. M. Davies
On the Circulation of the Stratified North Sea ....................... 93
J. O. Backhaus
The State-of-the-Art in Coastal Ocean Modelling: A Numerical
Model of Coastal Upwelling off Peru - Including Mixed
Layer Dynamics ................................................... , . . . . . . . ... . 113
J. J. O'Brien and G. W. Heburn
The Currents in a Shallow Coastal Corner Region - The
German Bight - Model, Measurements and Forecast .................... 165
E. Mittelstaedt
COASTAL UPWELLING AND OTHER LARGE SCALE COASTAL AND
SHELF PHENOMENA
Upwellings and Kelvin Waves Generated by Transient
Atmospheric Fronts........................................................... 175
M. Crepon and C. Richez
vii
viii CONTENTS
Wind-Forced Shelf Break Upwelling ....................................... 205
B. D. Petrie
A Seasonal Upwelling Event Observed off the West Coast
of British Columbia, Canada............................................... 217
H. J. Free'land
Shelf Waves of Diurnal Period Along Vancouver Island .......... ····· 225
W. R. Crawford~ R. E. Thomson and W. S. Huggett
TOPOGRAPHICALLY CONTROLLED FLOW AND OTHER MESOSCALE
SHELF PROCESSES
Topographic Influences on Coastal Circulation: A Review ........... 235
G. A. Cannon and G. S. E. Lager'loef
Topographically Induced Variability in the Baltic Sea............. 253
A. Aitsam~ J. E'lken~ L. Ta'lpsepp and J. Laanemets
An Additional Analysis of Inertial Oscillations on the
Continental Shelf ........................................................... 271
C. Mi'l'lot and C. Mou'lin
Coastal Upwelling, Cyclogenesis and Squid Fishing Near
Cape Farewell, New Zealand ................................................ 279
M. J. Bowman~ S. M. Chiswe'l'l~ P. L. Lapennas~
R. A. Murtagh~ B. A. Foster~ V. Wi'lkinson and W. Battaerd
Whirls in the Norwegian Coastal Current ................................ 311
T. A. McC'limans and J. H. Ni'lsen
Observations of Instabilities of a Great Lakes
Coastal Current ................................................................. 321
T. Green
TOPOGRAPHICALLY INDUCED SMALL SCALE PROCESSES
Stratified Flow Over Sills ................................................. 337
D. M. Farmer
Subcritical Rotating Channel Flow Across a Ridge .................... 363
K. Borenas
Internal Gravity Waves in Sill Fjords: Vertical Modes,
Ray. Theory and Comparison with Observations ........................... 373
B. Cushman-Roisin and H. Svendsen
CONTENTS ix
Numerical Simulations of Internal Wave Generation in
Sill Fjords ...................................................................... 397
G. M¢rk and B. Gjevik
SHELF AND INSHORE WATER INTERACTION, ESTUARIES, FJORDS
Two-Year Observations of Coastal-Fjord Interactions in the
Strait of Juan de Fuca ...................................................... 411
J. R. G. A. Cannon and D. G. Kachel
Holbrook~
Water Exchange Between the Sea and Complicated Fjords with
Special Reference to the Baltic Water Exchange ...................... 427
A. Stigebrandt
Shelf-Fjord Exchange on the West Coast of Vancouver Island ....... 439
D. J. Stucchi
Considerations of Coastally Forced Flow in a Branched Fjord ...... 451
J. M. B. Cushman-Raisin and J. J. O'Brien
Klinck~
Some Aspects of Circulation Along the Alaskan Beaufort
Sea Coast ....................... ................................................. 475
J. B. Matthews
Low Freq,uency Fluctuations in the Skagerrak ........................... 499
G. Shaffer
Reduced Gravity Modelling of Outer Oslofjorden ....................... 523
S. A. Gjerp
TURBULENT MIXING AND ENTRAINNENT IN COASTAL WATERS
On Entrainment in Two-Layer Stratified Flow - With
Special Focus on an Arctic Sill-Fjord ................................... 535
Fl. Bo Pedersen
Salt Entrainment and Mixing Processes in an Under-Ice
River Plume ................................................................... . 551
R. G. Ingram
On Entrainment Observed In Laboratory and Field Experiments ...... 565
E. Buch
GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX........................................................... 575
SUBJECT INDEX .................................................................. 578
ON THE DYNAMICS OF COASTAL CURRENTS
Martin Mork
Geophysical Institute
Bergen, Norway
ABSTRACT
The main factors governing time dependent and steady coastal
circulation are discussed. For barotropic flows the actual bottom
topography is shown to play an important role while baroclinic
currents have been related to buoyancy fluxes and effects of
entrainment.
INTRODUCTION
The coastal boundary has a profound effect on the water motion.
The constraints imposed on the motion by the coast give rise to new
modes, mainly subinertial oscillations which may be excited by atmos
pheric forces. It has been established that the internal response
to wind is intensified at the coast, mainly due to excitation of
Kelvin type internal waves (Mork, 1972). Furthermore, energy from
various sources is trapped in boundary waves. The bottom topography
in the coastal region plays an important role in the manifestaion
of the coastal circulation. This can best be demonstrated by
considering the vorticity balance. Through crossisobathic flow and
stretching or shrinking of vertical columns the current adjusts it's
vorticity when torques are exerted by wind or frictional forces.
Csanady (1981) has discussed the relationship between bottom slope
and sea level adjustment for stationary coastal circulations. For
time dependent responses to wind it should be noted that the bottom
slope gives rise to frequency wavenumber relationships of free
waves, which fits the k-a domain of energy, containing wave compo
nents of weather systems (Mysak, 1980).
