Table Of ContentElsevier Oceanography Series, 60
COASTAL LAGOON
PROCESSES
Edited by
Bjorn Kjerfve
University of South Carolina,
Belle W. Baruch Institute for Marine Biology
and Coast aI Research,
Columbia, S.C. 29208, U.S.A.
E LSEVl E R Amsterdam - London - New York - Tokyo 1994
ELSEVIER SCIENCE B.V.
Sara Burgerhartstraat 25
P.O. Box 211,1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Library of Congress Cata oging-in-Publlca ion Data
Coastal lagoon processes / edlted by Bjorn Kjerfve
p. cm. -- (Elsevier ocea ography series : 60 )
Includes bibliographical references and Index.
ISBN 0-444-88258-8 (acid-free)
1. Lagoon ecology, 2. Brackish water ecology. 3. Lagoons.
.
I. Kjerfve, Bjorn. 1944- XI. Series.
QH541.5.L27C63 1993
574.5'2636--dc20 94- 1202
CIP
ISBN: 0 444 88258 8
(8 1994 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
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Printed in The Netherlands.
This book is dedicated to
my mother Valb rg
and father h e
vii
Prologue
Coastal lagoons constitute a common coastal environment around the
world. Whereas estuaries have been the focus of many texts and reviews,
coastal lagoons have been neglected in comparison, sometimes lumped into
the category of bar-built estuaries, and sometimes not dealt with at all. The
standard definition of estuaries refers to coastal systems that are measur-
ably diluted by seawater and in free connection with the open sea. This often
does not fit coastal lagoons. Coastal lagoons are systems which can span the
range of salinities from hypersaline to completely fresh, and which are often
intermittently closed off from the adjacent sea. Definitions of coastal la-
goons vary greatly (Fig. 1) and are addressed by several of the authors in
this volume. Coastal lagoons indeed deserve a closer look.
There exist only a few published works that attempt to provide a multi-
disciplinary coverage of salient aspects of coastal lagoons. The excellent
early synthesis of coastal lagoons by Ayala Castaiiares and Phleger (1969)
resulted from a joint UNAM/UNESCO symposium at Universidad Nacional
Authoma de Mexico in 1967. It remains a valuable resource reference. A
follow-up UNESCO/IABO seminar in Beaufort, North Carolina, USA, in
1978, and a UNESCO (COMAR)/IABO/SCOR symposium in Bordeaux,
France, in 1981, resulted in two valuable summaries, UNESCO (1981) and
Laserre and Postma (1982), respectively. Together with an introductory text
by Barnes (19801, these volumes appear to be the extent of dedicated
multidisciplinary syntheses of coastal lagoons published in English. The
current volume, Coastal Lagoon Processes, is an attempt to focus again on
coastal lagoons and bring together the expertise and opinions on coastal
lagoons in a single synthesis volume, serving to update the information and
analyses in the older publications.
B.C. BY JOHNNY HART
I
Fig. 1.The definition of coastal lagoon vanes widely, and it is about time for the scientific
community to agree on an authoritative definition. Such a definition as well as a distinction
between lagoons and estuaries will hopefully emerge in this volume. (Used by permission of
Johnny Hart and Creators Syndicate, Inch
...
v111
This project started in fun in August 1988, during an excellent Friday
afternoon lunch, over smoked kassler and dark beer, in a crowded down-
town Niter& (Brazil) restaurant, Bar Luiz. Bastiaan Knoppers, Luiz Drude
de Lacerda, and I were discussing priorities for research and publications
on the coastal lagoons along the Fluminense coast east of Rio de Janeiro.
Thus was born the idea of an edited synthesis volume on coastal lagoons,
recognizing that a lagoon does not necessarily function in the same manner
as does an estuary. I am indebted to Bastiaan and Drude for providing me
with the idea to go ahead with this book project on coastal lagoons, and also
grateful to them for many other stimulating discussions and interactions
during subsequent research activities in Brazil.
I would also like to express my gratitude for support from Diretoria de
Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq), the National Geographic
Society, and the National Science Foundation, allowing me the opportunity
to carry out research on coastal lagoons in Brazil, and thus indirectly
providing the fuel for this volume. Likewise, I am thankful for the kind and
enthusiastic support and help provided me by Departamento de Geo-
quimica, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF) in Niter&, as well as
individual faculty, staff, and students at that institution.
It would not have been possible to complete this edited book without the
diligent assistance of many scientists who kindly gave of their time to
review the many manuscripts submitted for inclusion in this volume. Each
chapter was sent to four reviewers. I made a decision about inclusion of a
manuscript after receiving at least two concurring, positive reviews. I would
like to express my sincere thanks to each one of the reviewers listed below,
who kindly critiqued one or more of the manuscripts. The reviewers were:
Dr. Dennis M. Allen, Baruch Institute Coastal Marine Laboratory, Uni-
versity of South Carolina; Prof. Dr. Milton Asmus, Departmento de
Oceanografia, Fundaqiio Universidade do Rio Grande, Brazil; Dr. H. John
Bavor, Jr., Water Research Laboratory, Hawkesbury Agricultural College;
Dr. Robert J. Byrne, College of William and Mary, School of Marine Science,
Virginia Institute of Marine Science; Prof. Armando A. de la Cruz, Depart-
ment of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University; Dr. Ned Cyr,
Office of International Affairs, NOAA, Rockville, MD; Dr. Richard F. Dame,
Marine Science Department, Coastal Carolina College/University of South
Carolina; Dr. R.A. Davis, Jr., Department of Geology, University of South
Florida; Dr. John Mark Dean, Belle W. Baruch Institute for Marine Biology
and Coastal Research, University of South Carolina; Professor Colin D.
Field, City Polytechnic of Hong Kong; Ms. Amy C. Frankenburg, Depart-
ment of Geological Sciences, University of South Carolina; Dr. C.L.J. Frid,
F.S.C. Research Centre, U.K.; Dr. S. Garcia, Marine Resources Service,
FA0 Fisheries Division; Dr. L.R. Gardner, Department of Geological Sci-
ences, University of South Carolina; Dr. David Jay, Department of Ocean-
ography, University of Washington; Dr. J. Kapetsky, Inland Water
ix
Resources and Aquaculture Service, FA0 Fisheries Division; Dr. David
Krantz, College of Marine Studies, University of Delaware; Dr. J. Van de
Kreeke, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University
of Miami; Prof. Dr. Luiz Drude de Lacerda, Departamento de Geoquimica,
Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil; Dr. William T. Lawrence, Center
for Energy and Environmental Research, University of Puerto Rico; Dr.
Liyuan Liang, Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Dr. Nelson Marshall, Coral
Reef and Estuarine Studies, St. Michaels, MD; Dr. Robert H. Meade, U.S.
Geological Survey, Boulder, CO; Dr. Hank N. McKellar, Jr., College of
Health, University of South Carolina; Dr. C.B. Miller, School of Oceanogra-
phy, Oregon State University; Dr. Stephen P. Murray, Department of
Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, Louisiana State University; Dr. Char-
les B. Officer, Department of Earth Sciences, University of New Hampshire;
Mr. Roger Palm, School of Fisheries, University of Washington; Dr. C.H.
Peterson, Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill; Dr. Jay Pinckney, Department of Biology, University of South
Carolina; Dr. J.P. Quignard, Universitk des Sciences et Techniques du
Languedoc, Canada; Dr. Mitchell A. Roffer, Roffer Ocean Fishing Forecast-
ing Service, Inc., Miami, FL; Dr. Paul M. Scholz, SCAMPI, Belle W. Baruch
Institute for Marine Biology and Coastal Research, University of South
Carolina; Dr. Richard M. Showman, Department of Biological Sciences,
University of South Carolina; Dr. Fred Sklar, Baruch Institute Coastal
Marine Laboratory, University of South Carolina; Dr. Samuel C. Snedaker,
Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Mi-
ami; Dr. Ned P. Smith, Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution, Fort
Pierce, FL; Dr. Stephen V. Smith, School of Ocean and Earth Science and
Technology, Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii; Dr. Flora
Chu Wang, Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, Louisiana
State University; Dr. Charles A. Wilson, Department of Oceanography and
Coastal Sciences, Louisiana State University; Dr. W.J. Wolff, Research
Institute for Nature Management, Netherlands Institute for Sea Research.
In addition, I would like to acknowledge the help of Stephen C. Stonehill
of the University of South Carolina. He handled most manuscript format-
ting, spell checking, letter writing, mailings, and other important chores
related to the book. Without his help, the book would no doubt be several
more years in production. However, for those errors that still no doubt occur,
only I am to be blamed.
References
Ayala Castafiares, A., & F.B. Phleger (eds.). 1969. Coastal lagoons: a symposium.
Universidad Nacional Autdnoma de MBxico. 686 pp.
Barnes, R.S.K. 1980. Coastal lagoons. Cambridge University Press. 106 pp.
X
Laserre, P., & H. Postma (eds.). 1982. Coastal lagoons. Oceanologica Ada. Volume
Special. 462 pp.
UNESCO. 1981. Coastal lagoon research, present and future. UNESCO Technical
Papers in Marine Science 33.348 pp.
Bjorn Kjerfve
Columbia, SC, USA
xi
Contributing Authors
Marlin J. Atkinson
Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology,
University of Hawaii,
Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
R.S.K. Barnes
Department of Zoology,
University of Cambridge,
Downing Street,
Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
E.C.F. Bird
Department of Geography,
University of Melbourne,
Parkville, Vic. 3052, Australia
John D. Boon I11
Virginia Institute of Marine Science and College of William and Mary,
Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
Michael A. Borowitzka
School of Biological & Environmental Sciences,
Murdoch University,
Murdoch, W.A. 6150, Australia
Saul Alvarez Borrego
Centro de Investigaciones Cientifica y Education Superior de Ensenada,
B.C., Av. Espinosa 843, Ap. 2732,
Ensenada, Baja, Mexico
Per Bruun
34 Baynard Cove Road,
Hilton'Head Island, SC 29928, USA
Ana Laura Lara Dominguez
Programa de Ecologia,
Pesquerias y Oceanografia del Golfo de Mexico (EPOMEX),
Universidad Autonoma de Campeche,
Apartado Postal 520,
Campeche 24000, Campeche, Mexico
xii
Josh Maria Landim Dominguez
Instituto de Geociencias, PPPG,
Universidade Federal da Bahia,
Rua Caetano Moura 123,
Federaqiio,
CEP40.210, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Clifford Hearn
Department of Geography and Oceanography,
University College,
The University of New South Wales,
Australian Defence Force Academy,
Campbell, ACT 2600, Australia
Bjorn yjerfve
Marine Science Program,
Department of Geological Sciences,
and Belle W. Baruch Institute for Marine Biology and Coastal Research,
University of South Carolina,
Columbia, SC 29208, USA
Bastiaan Knoppers
Departamento de Geoquimica,
Universidade Federal Fluminense,
CEP-24.210 Niterbi, RJ, Brazil
Luiz Drude de Lacerda
Departamento de Geoquimica,
Universidade Federal Fluminense,
CEP-24.210 Niterbi, FLJ, Brazil
Rod Lukatelich
BP Refinery Kwinana,
Kwinana, W.A. 6168, Australia
Donald J. Macintosh
Institute of Aquaculture,
University of Stirling,
Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
Louis Martin
Centre ORSTOM,
70-74 Route d'Aulnay,
F-93140 Bondy, France
...
xlll
AJ. McComb
School of Geological and Environmental Science,
Murdoch University,
Murdoch, W.A. 6150, Australia
Maynard M. Nichols
Virginia Institute of Marine Science and College of William and Mary,
Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
Daniel Pauly
International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM),
P.O. Box 1501,
Makati, Manila, The Philippines
Ant8nio L. Philomena
Fundaqiio Universidade de Rio Grande,
Av. Italia, Cx. P. 474,
CEP-96.200 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
H. Postma
Netherlands Institute for Sea Research,
P.O. Box 59,
1790 AB den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands
Ned P. Smith
Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution,
5600 Old Dixie Highway,
Fort Pierce, FL 34946, USA)
Stephen V. Smith
Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology,
University of Hawaii,
Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
Malcolm L. Spaulding
Department of Ocean Engineering,
University of Rhode Island,
Kingston, RI 02881, USA
Alejandro Yaiiez-Arancibia
Programa de Ecologia,
Pesquerias y Oceanografia del Golfo de Mexico (EPOMEX),
Universidad Authoma de Campeche,
Apartado Postal 520,
Campeche 24000, Campeche, Mexico
