Table Of Content(cid:57)(cid:101)(cid:87)(cid:105)(cid:106)(cid:87)(cid:98)(cid:1)(cid:59)(cid:100)(cid:89)(cid:101)(cid:107)(cid:100)(cid:106)(cid:91)(cid:104)(cid:105)
Coastal Encounters
(cid:74)(cid:94)(cid:91)(cid:1)(cid:74)(cid:104)(cid:87)(cid:100)(cid:105)(cid:92)(cid:101)(cid:104)(cid:99)(cid:87)(cid:106)(cid:95)(cid:101)(cid:100)(cid:1)(cid:101)(cid:92)(cid:1)(cid:106)(cid:94)(cid:91)
(cid:2) (cid:28)
GULF SOUTH
(cid:95)(cid:100)(cid:1)(cid:106)(cid:94)(cid:91)(cid:1)(cid:59)(cid:95)(cid:93)(cid:94)(cid:106)(cid:91)(cid:91)(cid:100)(cid:106)(cid:94)(cid:1)(cid:57)(cid:91)(cid:100)(cid:106)(cid:107)(cid:104)(cid:111)
(cid:91)(cid:90)(cid:95)(cid:106)(cid:91)(cid:90)(cid:1)(cid:87)(cid:100)(cid:90)(cid:1)(cid:109)(cid:95)(cid:106)(cid:94)(cid:1)(cid:87)(cid:100)(cid:1)(cid:95)(cid:100)(cid:106)(cid:104)(cid:101)(cid:90)(cid:107)(cid:89)(cid:106)(cid:95)(cid:101)(cid:100)(cid:1)(cid:1)
(cid:88)(cid:111)(cid:1)(cid:104)(cid:95)(cid:89)(cid:94)(cid:99)(cid:101)(cid:100)(cid:90)(cid:1)(cid:92)(cid:36)(cid:1)(cid:88)(cid:104)(cid:101)(cid:109)(cid:100)
(cid:107)(cid:100)(cid:95)(cid:108)(cid:91)(cid:104)(cid:105)(cid:95)(cid:106)(cid:111)(cid:1)(cid:101)(cid:92)(cid:1)(cid:100)(cid:91)(cid:88)(cid:104)(cid:87)(cid:105)(cid:97)(cid:87)(cid:1)(cid:102)(cid:104)(cid:91)(cid:105)(cid:105)
(cid:98)(cid:95)(cid:100)(cid:89)(cid:101)(cid:98)(cid:100)(cid:1)(cid:87)(cid:100)(cid:90)(cid:1)(cid:98)(cid:101)(cid:100)(cid:90)(cid:101)(cid:100)
©2007 by the Board of Regents
of the University of Nebraska
All rights reserved
Manufactured in the
United States of America
Library of Congress
Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Coastal encounters: the transforma-
tion of the Gulf South in the eigh-
teenth century / edited and with an
introduction by Richmond F. Brown.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical refer-
ences and index.
isbn978-0-8032-6267-6 (pbk: alk.
paper)
1. Gulf Coast (U.S.)—History—18th
century. 2. Gulf States—History—
18th century. 3. Gulf Coast (U.S.)—
Economic conditions—18th century.
4. Gulf Coast (U.S.)—Social condi-
tions—18th century. 5. Gulf Coast
(U.S.)—Ethnic relations—History
—18th century. 6. Social change—
Gulf Coast (U.S.)—History—18th
century. 7. Intercultural communica-
tion— Gulf Coast (U.S.)—History
—18th century. 8. Indians of North
America— Gulf Coast (U.S.)—His-
tory—18th century. 9. African Amer-
icans— Gulf Coast (U.S.)—History
—18th century. 10. European Ameri-
cans— Gulf Coast (U.S.)—History
—18th century. I. Brown, Richmond
F. (Richmond Forrest), 1961–
f372.c622007
976—dc22 2007020211
Set in Minion by Kim Essman.
Designed by R. W. Boeche.
Title page illustration: Felix Achille
de Beaupoil Saint-Aulaire and
P. Langlume, Vue d’une Rue du
Faubourg Marigny, Nelle Orleans, ca.
1821. Lithograph with watercolor.
Reproduced by permission of the
Historic New Orleans Collection,
accession no. 1937.2.2.
(cid:57)(cid:101)(cid:100)(cid:106)(cid:91)(cid:100)(cid:106)(cid:105)
List of Illustrations vii
Preface ix
1. Introduction 1
(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:71)(cid:62)(cid:56)(cid:61)(cid:66)(cid:68)(cid:67)(cid:57)(cid:0)(cid:59)(cid:13)(cid:0)(cid:55)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:67)
2. The Significance of the Gulf South
in Early American History 13
(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:57)(cid:54)(cid:67)(cid:62)(cid:58)(cid:65)(cid:0)(cid:61)(cid:13)(cid:0)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:67)(cid:58)(cid:71)(cid:0)(cid:63)(cid:71)(cid:13)
3. Escape of the Nickaleers
European-Indian Relations on the Wild Coast of Florida
in1696, from Jonathan Dickinson’s Journal 31
(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:54)(cid:66)(cid:78)(cid:0)(cid:73)(cid:74)(cid:71)(cid:67)(cid:58)(cid:71)(cid:0)(cid:55)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:61)(cid:67)(cid:58)(cid:65)(cid:65)
4. Supplying Our Wants
Choctaws and Chickasaws Reassess
the Trade Relationship with Britain, 1771–72 59
(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:60)(cid:71)(cid:58)(cid:60)(cid:0)(cid:68)’(cid:55)(cid:71)(cid:62)(cid:58)(cid:67)
5. The Founding of Tensaw
Kinship, Community, Trade, and
Diplomacy in the Creek Nation 81
(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:64)(cid:54)(cid:71)(cid:65)(cid:0)(cid:57)(cid:54)(cid:75)(cid:62)(cid:72)
6. A Nation Divided?
Blood Seminoles and Black Seminoles on
the Florida Frontier 99
(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:63)(cid:54)(cid:67)(cid:58)(cid:0)(cid:60)(cid:13)(cid:0)(cid:65)(cid:54)(cid:67)(cid:57)(cid:58)(cid:71)(cid:72)
7. My Friend Nicolas Mongoula
Africans, Indians, and Cultural Exchange
in Eighteenth-Century Mobile 117
(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:57)(cid:54)(cid:75)(cid:62)(cid:57)(cid:0)(cid:76)(cid:61)(cid:58)(cid:54)(cid:73)
8. Scoundrels, Whores, and Gentlemen
Defamation and Society in French Colonial Louisiana 132
(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:72)(cid:61)(cid:54)(cid:67)(cid:67)(cid:68)(cid:67)(cid:0)(cid:65)(cid:58)(cid:58)(cid:0)(cid:57)(cid:54)(cid:76)(cid:57)(cid:78)
9. Afro-Creole Women, Freedom, and
Property-Holding in Early New Orleans 151
(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:75)(cid:62)(cid:71)(cid:60)(cid:62)(cid:67)(cid:62)(cid:54)(cid:0)(cid:66)(cid:58)(cid:54)(cid:56)(cid:61)(cid:54)(cid:66)(cid:0)(cid:60)(cid:68)(cid:74)(cid:65)(cid:57)
10. Spanish Bourbons and Louisiana Tobacco
The Case of Natchitoches, 1763–1803 167
(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:61)(cid:13)(cid:0)(cid:72)(cid:68)(cid:69)(cid:61)(cid:62)(cid:58)(cid:0)(cid:55)(cid:74)(cid:71)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:67)
11. A History of Ranching in Nuevo Santander’s
Villas del Norte,1730s–1848 187
(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:54)(cid:71)(cid:66)(cid:54)(cid:67)(cid:57)(cid:68)(cid:0)(cid:56)(cid:13)(cid:0)(cid:54)(cid:65)(cid:68)(cid:67)(cid:79)(cid:68)
12. Maintaining Loyalty in the West Florida Borderlands
Land as Cause and Effect in the West Florida
Revolution of 1810 210
(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:54)(cid:67)(cid:57)(cid:71)(cid:58)(cid:76)(cid:0)(cid:66)(cid:56)(cid:66)(cid:62)(cid:56)(cid:61)(cid:54)(cid:58)(cid:65)
13. Afterword 231
(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:62)(cid:57)(cid:54)(cid:0)(cid:54)(cid:65)(cid:73)(cid:66)(cid:54)(cid:67)
Notes 241
Bibliography 281
Contributors 303
Index 307
(cid:63)(cid:98)(cid:98)(cid:107)(cid:105)(cid:106)(cid:104)(cid:87)(cid:106)(cid:95)(cid:101)(cid:100)(cid:105)
Maps
1. European settlements, 1564–1721 3
2. European settlements, 1721–1821 9
3. Atlantic Florida, ca. 1696 33
4. Seminole Florida, late eighteenth and
early nineteenth centuries 101
5. Nuevo Santander’s Villas del Norte 189
6. Spanish West Florida, ca. 1803 211
Tables
1. The colonial population of New Orleans 156
2. Property owners from the 1795 New Orleans census 160
3. Landlords by race and gender, 1795 161
4. Slave ownership in New Orleans, 1795 163
5. Average value of inventoried property, 1810–60 165
6. Planters producing tobacco in Natchitoches
and pounds produced, 1765–91 169
7. Tobacco produced per planter in Natchitoches, 1765–91 170
8. Slaveholding households in Natchitoches, 1765–95 177
9. Successions and inventories in Natchitoches, 1766–1803 179
10. Black slave population in Natchitoches, 1765–1803 181
11. Slave baptisms in Natchitoches, 1766–1803 182
12. Slaves living together in Natchitoches households, 1765–95 183
13. Races of godparents of slaves, 1766–84 184
14. Races of godparents of slaves, 1785–1803 185
15. Denuncios de Tierras in Camargo, 1800–1810 198
16. Denuncios and land grants in Reynosa, 1777–1836 199
17. Livestock herds of Reynosa and
Matamoros vecinos,1798–1812 201
Figures
1. Average price of land in West Florida, 1785–1810 224
2. Average price of land in West Florida, by region, 1785–1810 225
(cid:70)(cid:104)(cid:91)(cid:92)(cid:87)(cid:89)(cid:91)
On August 29, 2005, Hurricane Katrina slammed into coastal Louisi-
ana, Mississippi, and Alabama, giving rise to the greatest natural disas-
ter in the history of the United States and bringing unprecedented—if
unwanted—attention to the Gulf Coast region. A little more than three
months later, on December 11,2005, the New York Times fretted that the
slow pace of the recovery efforts threatened the very existence of New
Orleans and expressed alarm at the prospects of the “Death of an Amer-
ican City.” The anguish derived not only from a humane concern for
those whose lives were so brutally disrupted by the storm and its after-
math (a group that includes many of the authors whose work appears in
this book) but also from a recognition of the unique contributions that
New Orleans and the Gulf Coast have made to the history and culture of
the United States (and to the world for that matter). This book explores
the origins of this great city and its surrounding region.
The chapters herein open a window onto the extraordinary world of the
eighteenth-century Gulf South, a significant but heretofore relatively ne-
glected subject. The neglect is unfortunate for many reasons. In the realm
of international politics, the imperial rivalries of the Spanish, British, and
French in the Gulf South (stretching from Florida to Texas) reached their
peak in the eighteenth century, creating new challenges and opportuni-
ties for the Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, and other native peoples of the
region. Throughout the century the Gulf South’s diverse inhabitants (Na-
tive American, European, and African) contested or collaborated with
one another in myriad diplomatic and military arrangements.
