Coal and Biomass Gasification: Recent Advances and Future Challenges

524 Pages·2018·13.72 MB·English

by  Santanu De

Energy, Environment, and Sustainability
Series editors
Avinash Kumar Agarwal, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute
of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
Ashok Pandey, Distinguished Scientist, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology
Research, Lucknow, India
This books series publishes cutting edge monographs and professional books
focused on all aspects of energy and environmental sustainability, especially as it
relates to energy concerns. The Series is published in partnership with the
International Society for Energy, Environment, and Sustainability. The books in
these series are editor or authored by top researchers and professional across the
globe. The series aims at publishing state-of-the-art research and development in
areas including, but not limited to:
(cid:129) Renewable Energy
(cid:129) Alternative Fuels
(cid:129) Engines and Locomotives
(cid:129) Combustion and Propulsion
(cid:129) Fossil Fuels
(cid:129) Carbon Capture
(cid:129) Control and Automation for Energy
(cid:129) Environmental Pollution
(cid:129) Waste Management
(cid:129) Transportation Sustainability
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15901
⋅
Santanu De Avinash Kumar Agarwal
⋅
V. S. Moholkar Bhaskar Thallada
Editors
Coal and Biomass
fi
Gasi cation
Recent Advances and Future Challenges
123
Editors
SantanuDe V.S.Moholkar
Department ofMechanical Engineering Department ofChemical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
Kanpur,Uttar Pradesh Guwahati, Assam
India India
Avinash KumarAgarwal Bhaskar Thallada
Department ofMechanical Engineering Bio-FuelsDivision
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur CSIR-Indian Institute ofPetroleum (IIP)
Kanpur,Uttar Pradesh Dehradun, Uttarakhand
India India
ISSN 2522-8366 ISSN 2522-8374 (electronic)
Energy,Environment, andSustainability
ISBN978-981-10-7334-2 ISBN978-981-10-7335-9 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7335-9
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017958629
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Preface
Energy demand has been rising remarkably due to increasing population and
urbanization.Globaleconomyandsocietyaresignificantlydependentontheenergy
availability because it touches every facet of human life and its activities. Trans-
portation and power generation are major examples of energy. Without the trans-
portationbymillionsofpersonalizedandmasstransportvehiclesandavailabilityof
24×7 power, human civilization would not have reached contemporary living
standards.
First International Conference on ‘Sustainable Energy and Environmental
Challenges’ (SEEC-2017) was organized under the auspices of ‘International
Society for Energy and Environmental Sustainability’ (ISEES) by the ‘Center of
Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing’ (CIAB), Mohali, from February 26–28,
2017.ISEESwasfoundedatIITKanpurinJanuary2014withtheaimofspreading
knowledge in the fields of energy, environment, sustainability, and combustion.
The society’s goal is to contribute to the development of clean, affordable, and
secureenergyresourcesandasustainableenvironmentforthesocietyandtospread
knowledge in the above-mentioned areas and spread awareness about the envi-
ronmentalchallenges,whichtheworldisfacingtoday.ISEESisinvolvedinvarious
activities such as conducting workshops, seminars, conferences in the domains of
its interests. The society also recognizes the outstanding works done by the young
scientists and engineers for their contributions in these fields by conferring them
awards under various categories.
This conference provided a platform for discussions between eminent scientists
andengineersfromvariouscountriesincludingIndia,USA,SouthKorea,Norway,
Malaysia, and Australia. In this conference, eminent speakers from all over the
world presented their views related to different aspects of energy, combustion,
emissions, and alternative energy resource for sustainable development and a
cleaner environment. The conference started with four mini-symposiums on very
topical themes, which included (i) New Fuels and Advanced Engine Combustion,
(ii) Sustainable Energy, (iii) Experimental and Numerical Combustion, and
(iv) Environmental Remediation and Rail Road Transport. The conference had 14
technicalsessionsoftopicsrelatedtoenergyandenvironmentalsustainabilityanda
v
vi Preface
panel discussions on ‘Challenges, Opportunities and Directions of Technical
EducationandResearchintheAreaofEnergy,EnvironmentandSustainability’to
wrapupthe3daytechnicalextravaganza.Theconferenceincluded2plenarytalks,
12 keynote talks, 42 invited talks from prominent scientists, 49 contributed talks,
and 120 posters. A total of 234 participants and speakers attended this three-day
conference,whichhostedDr.V.K.Saraswat,MemberNITIAyog,India,asachief
guestfortheawardceremonyofISEES.Thisconferencelaidouttheroadmapfor
technology development, opportunities, and challenges in this technology domain.
The technical sessions in the conference included Advances in IC Engines and
Fuels; Conversion of Biomass to Biofuels; Combustion Processes; Renewable
Energy: Prospects and Technologies; Waste to Wealth–Chemicals and Fuels;
Energy Conversion Systems; Numerical Simulation of Combustion Processes;
Alternate Fuels for IC Engines; Sprays and Heterogeneous Combustion of
Coal/Biomass; Biomass Conversion to Fuels and Chemicals—Thermochemical
Processes; Utilization of Biofuels; and Environmental Protection and Health. All
these topics are very relevant for the country and the world in the present context.
The society is grateful to Prof. Ashok Pandey for organizing and hosting this
conference,whichledtogerminationofthisseriesofmonographs,whichincluded
16 books related to different aspects of energy, environment, and sustainability.
This is the first time that such voluminous and high-quality outcome has been
achieved by any society in India from one conference.
The editors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the authors for
submitting their work in a timely manner and revising it appropriately at short
notice. We would like to express our special thanks to Dr. Sminu Bhaskaran,
Prof. Sudip Ghosh, Prof. Pankaj Kalita, Prof. Malay Karmakar, Prof. Mayank
Kumar,Dr.ChanchalLoha,Prof.H.S.Mukunda,Prof.V.Prabu,Prof.M.R.Ravi,
andProf.R.Vinu,whoreviewedvariouschaptersofthismonographandprovided
theirvaluablesuggestionsimprovingthemanuscripts.Weacknowledgethesupport
received from various funding agencies and organizations for the successful
conduct of the first ISEES conference SEEC-2017, where these monographs
germinated.TheseincludeDepartmentofScienceandTechnology,Governmentof
India(specialthankstoDr.SanjayBajpai);TSI,India(specialthankstoDr.Deepak
Sharma); Tesscorn, India (special thanks to Sh. Satyanarayana); AVL India;
Horiba, India; Springer (special thanks to Swati Mehershi); CIAB (Special thanks
to Dr. Sangwan).
Gasification provides a clean alternative approach over direct combustion for
production of electricity, fuels, fertilizers, and other useful chemicals from any
carbonaceousfeedstock,suchascoal,oil,gas,biomass,andmunicipalsolidwastes.
The product of gasification consists of a mixture of H /CO, commonly referred as
2
syngas,whichmaybedirectlyusedingasengines,sparkignitionengines,andsolid
oxide fuel cells, produce electricity by burning it in gas turbine of an integrated
gasification combined cycle power plant, produce combined heat and power, used
toproducemethanolandhydrogen,orconvertedintosyntheticfuelviatheFischer–
Tropsch process. Besides the quality offeedstock, several other parameters influ-
encetheefficiencyofgasification,suchasoperatingtemperature,pressure,andthe
Preface vii
typeofreactor.Severaltypesofgasifiersarecurrentlyavailableforcommercialuse:
moving bed, fluidized bed, entrained flow, and plasma gasifier. Research is being
directedtostudygasificationindifferentgasifiersandoptimizetheirdesign,reduce
tar, increase conversion efficiency, cleaning of hot gases, to name a few.
Inthisbook,scienceandtechnologyofgasificationprocessaredescribed.Italso
covers state-of-the-art experimental techniques, modeling and numerical simula-
tionsofgasification,andenvironment-friendlyapproaches,suchasintegrationwith
solar energy, utilization of municipal solid wastes. The recent advances and future
directions of research in the field of gasification are also discussed. The book is
envisaged to benefit a relatively broad audience, including beginners, graduate
students in chemical and thermal engineering, seasoned researchers, and engineers
working in designing and operating gasifiers.
The monograph is intended for engineers/practitioners who are working in the
area of gasification. We hope that the book would be of great interest to the
professionals and postgraduate students involved in gasification technology,
experimentation, and numerical simulation of gasification. The main objective of
this monograph is to promote a better and more accurate understanding of gasifi-
cationandrelatedtechnologies,besidesrecentadvancesandfuturechallenges.The
topics are organized into four different sections: (i) fundamentals of gasification,
(ii)experiments,modelingandnumericalsimulationsofgasification,(ii)integration
of renewable energy and utilization of wastes, and (iv) advanced topics of
gasification.
Kanpur, India Santanu De
Kanpur, India Avinash Kumar Agarwal
Guwahati, India V. S. Moholkar
Dehradun, India Bhaskar Thallada
Contents
Part I Fundamentals of Gasification
Feedstock Characterization for Pyrolysis and Gasification. . . . . . . . . . . 3
B. Rajasekhar Reddy and R. Vinu
Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Gasification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
M. R. Ravi and Sangeeta Kohli
Gasifiers: Types, Operational Principles, and Commercial Forms . . . . . 63
ChanchalLoha,MalayK.Karmakar,SantanuDeandPradipK.Chatterjee
Hydrodynamics of Circulating Fluidized Bed Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
MalayK.Karmakar,ChanchalLoha,SantanuDeandPradipK.Chatterjee
Investigation of Biomass Gasifier Product Gas Composition
and its Characterization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Pankaj Kalita and Debarshi Baruah
Gas Cleaning and Tar Conversion in Biomass Gasification . . . . . . . . . . 151
Sudip Ghosh
Part II Experiments, Modeling and Numerical Simulations
of Gasification
Measurement Techniques: Cold Flow Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Premkumar Kamalanathan and Rajesh Kumar Upadhyay
Cavity Models for Underground Coal Gasification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Preeti Aghalayam
Gasification of Mixed Biomass: Analysis Using Equilibrium,
Semi-equilibrium, and Kinetic Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Debarshi Mallick, Buljit Buragohain, Pinakeswar Mahanta
and Vijayanand S. Moholkar
ix
x Contents
Numerical Modelling of Fluidized Bed Gasification: An Overview. . . . . 243
Saurabh Gupta, Sminu Bhaskaran and Santanu De
Entrained Flow Gasification: Current Status and Numerical
Simulations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Mayank Kumar
Advanced Numerical Methods for the Assessment of Integrated
Gasification and CHP Generation Technologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Ahmed M. Salem, Umesh Kumar, Ainul Nadirah Izaharuddin,
Harnek Dhami, Tata Sutardi and Manosh C. Paul
TransientColdFlowSimulationofaFastFluidizedBedFuelReactor
for Chemical Looping Combustion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Ramesh K. Agarwal, Mengqiao Yang and Subhodeep Banerjee
Part III Integration of Renewable Energy and Utilization of Wastes
Sustainability Assessment of the Biomass Gasification Process
for Production of Ammonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Pratham Arora, Andrew Hoadley and Sanjay Mahajani
Recent Advances in Power Generation Through Biomass
and Municipal Solid Waste Gasification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Natarianto Indrawan, Ajay Kumar and Sunil Kumar
Solar-Assisted Gasification Based Cook Stoves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
Ankur Kaundal, Satvasheel Powar and Atul Dhar
Part IV Advanced Technologies of Gasification
Dual Fluidized Bed Gasification of Solid Fuels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
Sminu Bhaskaran, Saurabh Gupta and Santanu De
New Pathways in Clean Combustion of Biomass and Coal via Partial
Gasification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
H. S. Mukunda and Suresh Attanoor
Synergistic Effects in Gasification of Coal/Biomass Blends:
Analysis and Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
Debarshi Mallick, Pinakeswar Mahanta and Vijayanand S. Moholkar
Chemical Looping and Plasma Technologies for Gasification
of Coal and Biomass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
Barnali Bhui and Prabu Vairakannu
Author Index.. .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 521