Clusterbean: Physiology, Genetics and Cultivation

157 Pages·2015·1.62 MB·English

by  Rakesh Pathak (auth.)

Rakesh Pathak
Clusterbean:
Physiology,
Genetics and
Cultivation
Clusterbean: Physiology, Genetics and Cultivation
Rakesh Pathak
Clusterbean: Physiology,
Genetics and Cultivation
1 3
Rakesh Pathak
Central Arid Zone Research Institute
Jodhpur, Rajasthan
India
ISBN 978-981-287-905-9 ISBN 978-981-287-907-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-981-287-907-3
Library of Congress Control Number: 2015952529
Springer Singapore Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London
© Springer Science Business Media Singapore 2015
+
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from
the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein
or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.
Printed on acid-free paper
Springer Science+Business Media Singapore Pte Ltd. is part of Springer Science+Business Media
(www.springer.com)
Dedicated to my parents Mrs. Urmila
and Mr. R.S. Pathak, my wife Mrs. Sheela
and my son Mayank
Preface
Clusterbean has become the most important export commodity in the farm sector.
It is a drought tolerant leguminous crop of arid and semi-arid regions having a vast
range of diverse and unique applications. It has a special place in the commercial
scene due to the gum content in its seeds. India’s share in the production of clus-
terbean seed is about 82 % and the country earns thousands of crores of rupees
by exporting clusterbean products. Although the crop has attained the status of a
number one agriculture export commodity in the farm sector, the productivity, pro-
duction and expansion of the crop to non-traditional regions which are suitable for
its cultivation require more attention. The clusterbean processing industry in India
is fragmented; food safety alarms are growing in the export front because the tech-
nology of processing is not well developed. The high fluctuation in productivity
and export are major concerns.
The present work provides in-depth information about the crop, its cultivation,
genetic improvement, plant protection measures, management of abiotic stresses,
molecular aspects, etc., and unites the value chain for the benefit of all the stake-
holders of the crop, i.e. students, teachers, researchers and i ndustrialists. This
book is organized into seven chapters: Chapter 1 introduces the crop and gives the
basic introduction, including prospects and constraints. Chapter 2 covers genetic
improvement and variability of the crop and includes various tools and tech-
niques used for the genetic improvement and creation of variability in the crop.
Chapter 3 is dedicated to clusterbean gum and its by-products and covers the prop-
erties of gum and its application. Chapter 4 is devoted to the cultivation of the
crop. Chapter 5 presents the plant protection aspect of the clusterbean. Chapter 6
addresses physiological and abiotic stress-related aspects of the crop. Chapter 7
covers the reviews of the genetic markers and the biotechnological works accom-
plished. The study has systematically referred to the research papers and data from
industry and markets. It may prove a very useful book for industry as well as for
the research community.
Rakesh Pathak
vii
Contents
1 Introduction ................................................ 1
1.1 Introduction ............................................ 1
1.2 Origin ................................................. 3
1.3 Taxonomic Classification .................................. 4
1.4 Botany ................................................ 4
1.5 Floral Characteristics ..................................... 5
1.6 Cytogenetics ............................................ 6
1.7 Molecular Biology ....................................... 7
1.8 Uses .................................................. 7
1.9 Prospects ............................................... 8
1.10 Constraints ............................................. 9
References .................................................. 10
2 Genetic Improvement and Variability ........................... 13
2.1 Introduction ............................................ 13
2.2 Genetic Variability ....................................... 13
2.3 Karyotype Analysis ...................................... 16
2.4 Hybridization ........................................... 17
2.4.1 Conventional Method of Hybridization ................. 17
2.5 Heterosis and Combining Ability ............................ 17
2.6 Mutation ............................................... 18
2.6.1 Natural Mutation .................................. 19
2.6.2 Mutations Induced Through Physical Factors ............ 19
2.6.3 Mutations Induced Through Chemical Factors ........... 21
2.6.4 Mutations Induced Through Physical
and Chemical Factors ............................... 21
2.7 Genotype Environment Interaction and Stability .............. 23
×
2.8 Correlation and Path Analysis .............................. 24
2.9 Genetic Resources ....................................... 26
References .................................................. 27
ix
x Contents
3 Clusterbean Gum and By-Product ............................. 33
3.1 Introduction ............................................ 33
3.2 Structural Feature of Galactomannan Gums ................... 34
3.3 Properties .............................................. 36
3.4 Estimation of Gum Content in Seed .......................... 38
3.5 Biochemistry of Clusterbean ............................... 39
3.6 Industrial Aspects of Clusterbean Gum ....................... 40
3.6.1 Processing ....................................... 41
3.6.2 Dry Milling Process ............................... 41
3.6.3 Wet Milling Process ............................... 41
3.6.4 Conventional Method of Processing .................. 42
3.7 Guar Meal .............................................. 43
3.7.1 Toxic Constituents in Guar Meal ..................... 44
3.8 Derivatives of Clusterbean Gum ............................ 45
3.9 Applications and Uses .................................... 46
3.9.1 Paper Industry .................................... 47
3.9.2 Oil and Gas Well Drilling and Fracturing .............. 47
3.9.3 Explosives ....................................... 47
3.9.4 Mining Industry .................................. 48
3.9.5 Cosmetics ....................................... 48
3.9.6 Synthesis of Complexes ............................ 48
3.9.7 Pharmaceutical Industry ............................ 49
3.9.8 Textile Industry ................................... 50
3.9.9 Food Industry .................................... 50
3.9.10 Animal Feed ..................................... 51
3.9.11 Agriculture ...................................... 51
3.9.12 Medicinal Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.9.13 Miscellaneous .................................... 52
3.10 Export of Clusterbean Gum ................................ 53
References .................................................. 55
4 Cultivation ................................................. 61
4.1 Introduction ............................................ 61
4.2 Efficient Plant Type of Clusterbean .......................... 62
4.3 Crop Cycle ............................................. 62
4.4 Climate ................................................ 63
4.5 Sowing Method ......................................... 64
4.6 Sowing Time ............................................ 64
4.7 Spacing ................................................ 65
4.8 Seed Rate .............................................. 65
4.9 Seed Treatment and Inoculation with Bacterial Culture .......... 66
4.10 Germination and Seedling Growth ........................... 66
4.11 Clusterbean Under Crop Rotation System ..................... 67
4.12 Clusterbean Under Intercropping System ..................... 67
4.13 Fertilizer Management .................................... 68
Contents xi
4.14 Irrigation Management .................................... 69
4.15 Weed Management ....................................... 70
4.16 Harvesting and Threshing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
4.17 Clusterbean Varieties Developed in India. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
4.18 Clusterbean Production in India ............................. 79
References .................................................. 81
5 Plant Protection ............................................. 87
5.1 Introduction ............................................ 87
5.2 Fungal Disease .......................................... 88
5.2.1 Alternaria Leaf Spot ............................... 88
5.2.2 Powdery Mildew ................................. 89
5.2.3 Dry Root Rot .................................... 89
5.2.4 Cercospora Leaf Spot .............................. 90
5.2.5 Myrothecium Leaf Spot ............................ 90
5.2.6 Curvularia Leaf Spot .............................. 91
5.2.7 Anthracnose ..................................... 91
5.2.8 Ascochyta Leaf Blight ............................. 91
5.2.9 Fusarium Blight .................................. 91
5.2.10 Rhizoctonia Blight ................................ 92
5.3 Bacterial Disease ........................................ 92
5.3.1 Bacterial Blight .................................. 92
5.3.2 Bacterial Leaf Spot ................................ 93
5.4 Viral Diseases ........................................... 94
5.4.1 Mosaic Virus ..................................... 94
5.4.2 Tobacco Ring Spot Virus (TRSv) ..................... 94
5.5 Other Root Diseases ...................................... 94
5.6 Seed Mycoflora. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
5.7 Insect Pests of Clusterbean ................................. 95
5.7.1 Whitefly ........................................ 96
5.7.2 Gall Midges ..................................... 97
5.7.3 Thrips .......................................... 98
5.7.4 Leaf Hoppers .................................... 98
5.8 Nematodes ............................................. 99
5.8.1 Root-Knot Nematodes ............................. 99
5.8.2 Pigeon Pea Cyst Nematode ......................... 99
5.9 Stem Weevils ........................................... 100
5.10 Aphids ................................................ 100
5.11 Wasp (Eurytoma sp.) ..................................... 101
5.12 Integrated Disease Management ............................ 101
References .................................................. 102
6 Physiology and Abiotic Stresses ................................ 107
6.1 Introduction ............................................ 107
6.2 Seed Maturation ......................................... 107
6.3 Seed Coat Colour ........................................ 108
xii Contents
6.4 Germination, Seedling Growth and Storage .................... 108
6.5 Factors Limiting Plant Growth .............................. 109
6.6 Nitrogen Fixing Efficiency ................................. 110
6.7 Water Stress and Drought Tolerance ......................... 112
6.8 Salt Tolerance ........................................... 114
6.9 Other Abiotic Stresses .................................... 116
References .................................................. 118
7 Genetic Markers and Biotechnology ............................ 125
7.1 Introduction ............................................ 125
7.2 Biochemical Markers ..................................... 126
7.3 DNA-Based Molecular Markers ............................. 127
7.4 PCR-Based Marker Techniques ............................. 128
7.4.1 Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) Analysis ... 128
7.4.2 Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) Analysis ......... 129
7.4.3 Sequence Characterized Amplified Region (SCAR) ...... 130
7.4.4 Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequence (CAPS) ...... 131
7.4.5 Expressed Sequence Tag (EST) ...................... 132
7.4.6 Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
7.4.7 Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) .................... 134
7.5 Callus Induction and Regeneration Protocols .................. 135
References .................................................. 138
Annexure I .................................................... 145
Annexure II ................................................... 151