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Cloud Native Transformation
Businesses are rapidly moving to the cloud
to serve their customers better, faster,
86% 65%
smarter. Yet just adding some shiny new
technology won’t let you keep pace. You
also need to update your organization’s Businesses say Cloud Of the world’s GDP is
adoption is top priority predicted to be digitized by
strategy and culture. As this book describes,
(superoffice.com) 2022
it’s a tough project to get right: the number (IMF, 2020)
of options overwhelm, and complexity
Benefits of adopting a digital model:
grows as you move forward.
We can guide you on your journey, reducing
risk with our proven method and 40% 36%
embedding best practices and scalability
into your organization. You’ll get a solution
tailored to your needs, not ours. Improve Faster time
operational efficiency to market
(PTC, 2018) (PTC, 2018)
Curious about a closer collaboration?
We can help you with:
Cloud Native Cloud Native Cloud Native
Engineering Transformation Operations
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Praise for Cloud Native Transformation
Cloud native is the latest checkpoint in software development that abstracts away entire
data centers while encoding best practices into platforms such as Kubernetes.
Unfortunately, rubbing some Kubernetes on neglected software and an undisciplined
engineering philosophy isn’t going to solve your problems. The ability to leverage this
technology shift requires a cultural one as well.
—Kelsey Hightower, Developer advocate, Google Cloud
The patterns provide invaluable information on how to think about cloud native
development the right way—and valuable context for understanding why there is more
than technology to a cloud native transformation.
—Kyle Brown, IBM Fellow and CTO, IBM Cloud Architecture;
Pattern Languages of Programs 2018 Program Chair
Pini, Jamie, and Michelle have been some of the earliest and most insightful advocates for
Cloud Native architectures. Their engagement from the earliest days of the Cloud Native
Computing Foundation was enormously helpful for the growth and adoption of cloud
native in Europe and around the world. This book is a great opportunity to leverage
their expertise.
—Dan Kohn, Executive Director, Cloud Native
Computing Foundation
I haven’t seen storytelling paired with such an extensive and detailed pattern library
before. It’s a really compelling combination, doing a terrific job of illustrating the patterns
themselves and showing how they fit together. It’s also a lot of fun to read.
—Adrian Cockcroft, Cloud architect and engineer
This book is a storehouse of practical knowledge about how to achieve a cloud native
transformation. From high-level strategic considerations and leadership issues down to
the details of testing, integration, and delivery approaches, every choice is presented as a
pattern—detailed as to its advantages and disadvantages, the relevant contextual issues,
and its place in the bigger picture alongside the other patterns described. Helping you put
this knowledge together to address the needs of your own organization are carefully
considered case studies as well as a wealth of strategic, management, and psychological
insight to help you assemble the elements you’ll need to get to your goal and alert you to
the pitfalls along the way. Essential reading for anyone looking to embark on a cloud
native transformation.
—Andy Wilson, Director of Technical Culture, Oliver Wyman
Digital
Cloud Native Transformation
Practical Patterns for Innovation
Pini Reznik, Jamie Dobson, and Michelle Gienow
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Cloud Native Transformation
by Pini Reznik, Jamie Dobson, and Michelle Gienow
Copyright © 2020 Pini Reznik, Jamie Dobson, and Michelle Gienow. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472.
O’Reilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. Online editions are
also available for most titles (http://oreilly.com). For more information, contact our corporate/institutional
sales department: 800-998-9938 or [email protected].
Editors: Michele Cronin and Chris Guzikowski Indexer: Judy McConville
Production Editor: Nan Barber Interior Designer: David Futato
Copyeditor: Jasmine Kwytin Cover Designer: Karen Montgomery
Proofreader: Kim Wimpsett Illustrator: Rebecca Demarest
November 2019: First Edition
Revision History for the First Edition
2019-12-03: First Release
See http://oreilly.com/catalog/errata.csp?isbn=9781492048909 for release details.
The O’Reilly logo is a registered trademark of O’Reilly Media, Inc. Cloud Native Transformation, the cover
image, and related trade dress are trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc.
The views expressed in this work are those of the authors, and do not represent the publisher’s views.
While the publisher and the authors have used good faith efforts to ensure that the information and
instructions contained in this work are accurate, the publisher and the authors disclaim all responsibility
for errors or omissions, including without limitation responsibility for damages resulting from the use of
or reliance on this work. Use of the information and instructions contained in this work is at your own
risk. If any code samples or other technology this work contains or describes is subject to open source
licenses or the intellectual property rights of others, it is your responsibility to ensure that your use
thereof complies with such licenses and/or rights.
This work is part of a collaboration between O’Reilly and Container Solutions. See our statement of edito‐
rial independence.
978-1-098-10649-2
[LSI]
Table of Contents
Foreword. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
Prologue: Evolve or Else. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii
1. What Is Cloud Native?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Cloud Native Is Not “The Cloud” 1
A Cloud Native Primer 2
How Do I Know Cloud Native When I See It? 3
It’s All About Services 4
Fitting Everything Together 8
What Could Possibly Go Wrong? 10
(Distributed) Systems Shock 11
Shocking Immaturity 12
The Executive Summary 12
2. The Human Challenge of Cloud Native. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Culture Vulture 16
A (Brief) Field Guide to Organizational Culture 17
“Right” Solutions, “Wrong” Culture 19
The Culture Clash Conundrum 19
Which Brings Us Back to…Culture 21
Interlude I. Meet Our WealthGrid Team. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3. What’s the Pattern? Architecture, Pattern Languages, and Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Patterns 28
vii
A Time for Design 30
A Cloud Native Pattern Language 31
Patterns in Context 32
Cloud Native Context in the Real World 33
Common Contexts 34
Patterns, Pattern Languages, and Designs 36
How Patterns Work 37
What Makes a Pattern? 38
How (Iba) Patterns Are Made 39
Presentation 39
Our Approach 40
4. Beyond Patterns: Behavior, Biases, and Managing Evolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Conway’s Law 44
Cognitive Biases 45
Why Biases Are Useful 46
Biases, Patterns, and Behavior 47
Nudges 49
Common Biases and Nudges 51
What to Watch For, and How to Overcome 57
Interlude II. First Attempt at Transformation–Cloud Native “Side Project”. . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
5. Knowing Thyself: The Cloud Native Maturity Matrix Tool. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Mirror, Mirror, on the Wall… 64
For Mature Audiences Only: The Maturity Matrix 64
Staying in Sync 65
Applying the Matrix 68
Culture 68
Product/Service Design 69
Team 71
Process 72
Architecture 73
Maintenance 75
Delivery 77
Provisioning 79
Infrastructure 81
Connecting the Dots 83
The Axes, United 84
viii | Table of Contents
Interlude III. Second Attempt at Cloud Native. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
6. Tools for Understanding and Using Cloud Native Patterns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
So Many (Deceptively Simple) Tools 93
Tools to Take You the Rest of the Way 95
Proficiency Versus Creativity 95
Want Fries with That? 96
Creativity, Proficiency, and Enterprise 97
Three Horizons 101
We Are the Champions? 103
So What the Heck Happened at WealthGrid? 106
Summary 107
7. Patterns for Strategy and Risk Reduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Meet Steve 110
Strategize, Then Delegate 111
Pattern: Dynamic Strategy 113
Pattern: Value Hierarchy 116
Pattern: Business Case 118
Pattern: Executive Commitment 121
From Theory to Execution 123
Pattern: Transformation Champion 124
Pattern: Vision First 127
Pattern: Objective Setting 128
Pattern: Involve the Business 131
Pattern: Periodic Checkups 133
Pattern: Data-Driven Decision Making 135
Pattern: Learning Loop 138
Pattern: Learning Organization 141
Pattern: Measure What Matters 144
Pattern: Research Through Action 146
Practical Patterns for Managing Any Kind of Risk 149
Pattern: Gradually Raising the Stakes 150
Pattern: No Regret Moves 153
Pattern: Options and Hedges 156
Pattern: Big Bet 158
Pattern: Reduce Cost of Experimentation 162
Pattern: Exit Strategy Over Vendor Lock-in 165
Maintaining Strategic Momentum 167
Pattern: Three Horizons 168
Pattern: Reflective Breaks 170
Pattern: Designated Strategist 173
Table of Contents | ix
Ready for Next 175
8. Patterns for Organization and Culture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Pattern: Core Team 180
Pattern: Build-Run Teams (“Cloud Native DevOps”) 182
Pattern: Platform Team 186
Pattern: SRE Team 188
Pattern: Remote Teams 192
Pattern: Co-Located Teams 194
Pattern: Communicate Through Tribes 196
Pattern: Manage for Creativity 200
Pattern: Manage for Proficiency 203
Pattern: Strangle Monolithic Organizations 206
Pattern: Gradual Onboarding 208
Pattern: Design Thinking for Radical Innovation 210
Pattern: Agile for New Development (Innovation Breaks) 212
Pattern: Lean for Optimization 214
Pattern: Internal Evangelism 216
Pattern: Ongoing Education 220
Pattern: Exploratory Experiments 222
Pattern: Proof of Concept (PoC) 225
Pattern: MVP Platform 228
Pattern: Decide Closest to the Action 230
Pattern: Productive Feedback 233
Pattern: Psychological Safety 236
Pattern: Personalized Relationships for Co-Creation 238
Pattern: Blameless Inquiry 240
Summary 243
9. Patterns for Development and Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Pattern: Open Source Internal Projects 247
Pattern: Distributed Systems 249
Pattern: Automated Testing 251
Pattern: Continuous Integration 253
Pattern: Reproducible Dev Environments 255
Pattern: No Long Tests in CI/CD 258
Pattern: Microservices Architecture 260
Pattern: Communicate Through APIs 262
Pattern: Reference Architecture 264
Pattern: Architecture Drawing 267
Pattern: Developer Starter Pack 269
Pattern: Demo Applications 272
x | Table of Contents
