Cloud Multi-phase Processes and High Alpine Air and Snow Chemistry: Ground-based Cloud Experiments and Pollutant Deposition in the High Alps

295 Pages·1997·6.18 MB·English

by  Dr. Sandro Fuzzi

Transport and Chemical Transformation
of Pollutants in the Troposphere
Series editors: Peter Borrell, Patricia M. Borrell, Tomislav Cvitas,
Kerry Kelly and Wolfgang Seiler
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH
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Transport and Chemical Transformation
of Pollutants in the Troposphere
Volume 5
Cloud Multi-phase Processes
and
High Alpine Air and Snow Chemistry
Ground-based Cloud Experiments
and Pollutant Deposition in the High Alps
Sandro Fuzzi (Bologna) and Dietmar Wagenbach (Heidelberg)
Editors
Springer
Dr. Sandro Fuzzi
Istituto FISBAT
Area della Ricerca C.N.R.
Via Gobetti 18
1-40129 Bologna, Italy
Dr. Dietmar Wagenbach
Universităt Heidelberg
Institut fUr Umweltphysik
lm Neuenheimer Feld 366
D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
The cover picture shows a measuring instrument above the clouds at the Sonnblick
Observatory, Austria. The photograph was taken by Anne Kasper, ALPTRAC.
With 64 Figures
ISBN 978-3-642-63879-4 ISBN 978-3-642-59167-9 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-59167-9
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Cloud multi-phase processes and high alpine air
and snow chemistry: ground-based c10ud experiments and poUutant deposition in the high Alps / San
dro Fuzzi and Dietmar Wagenbach, editors. p. cm. - (Transport and chemical transformation of poUu
tants in the troposphere: v. 5) Inc1udes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978·3·642-638794 (hard·
cover) 1. Cloud physics - Research - Europe. 2. Clouds - Experiments. 3. Aerosols - Research - Europe.
4. Air - Pollution - Alpine regions. 5. Snow - Chemistry. 6. Snow - Europe. 1. Fuzzi, Sandro. II. Wagen
bach, Dietmar. III. Series. QC924.E85C56 1997628.5'3 - dc 21
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Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law.
@ Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1997
Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 1997
Softcover reprint of the hardcover lst edition 1997
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not
imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protec
tive laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
Cover Design: Design & Production, Heidelberg
Data Conversion: Marion Masson-Scheurer
SPIN 10514849 30/3136-5 4 3 2 1 O - Printed on acid-free paper
Transport and Chemical Transformation of Pollutants in the Troposphere
Series editors: Peter Borrell, Patricia M. Borrell, Tomislav Cvitas, Kerry Kelly
and Wolfgang Seiler
Volume 1 Transport and Chemical Transformation of Pollutants in the
Troposphere
An overview of the work of EUROTRAC
Volume 2 Heterogeneous and Liquid Phase Processes
Laboratory studies related to aerosols and clouds
Volume 3 Chemical Processes in Atmospheric Oxidation
Laboratory studies of chemistry related to troposphere ozone
Volume 4 Biosphere-Atmosphere Exchange of Pollutants and Trace
Substances
Experimental and theoretical studies of biogenic emission
and of pollutant deposition
Volume 5 Cloud Multi-phase Processes and High Alpine Air and
Snow Chemistry
Ground-based cloud experiments and pollutant deposition
in the high Alps
Volume 6 Tropospheric Ozone Research
Tropospheric ozone in the regional and sub-regional context
Volume 7 Tropospheric Modelling and Emission Estimation
Chemical transport and emission modelling on
regional, global and urban scales
Volume 8 Instrument Development for Atmospheric Research and
Monitoring
Lidar profiling, DOAS and tunable diode laser spectroscopy
Volume 9 Exchange and Transport of Air Pollutants over Complex
Terrain and the Sea
Field measurements and numerical modelling; aircraft,
ship, ocean platform and laboratory measurements
Volume 10 Photo-oxidants, Acidification and Tools:
Policy Applications of EUROTRAC Results
Foreword by the Series Editors
EUROTRAC is the European co-ordinated research project, within the EUREKA
initiative, studying the transport and chemical transformation of pollutants in the
troposphere. The project has achieved a remarkable scientific success since its
start in 1988, contributing substantially both to the scientific progress in this field
and to the improvement of the scientific basis for environmental management in
Europe. EUROTRAC, which at its peak comprised some 250 research groups
organised into 14 subprojects, brought together international groups of scientists to
work on problems directly related to the transport and chemical transformation of
trace substances in the troposphere. In doing so, it helped to harness the resources
of the participating countries to gain a better understanding of the trans-boundary,
interdisciplinary environmental problems which beset us in Europe.
The scientific results of EUROTRAC are summarised in this report which consists
of ten volumes.
Volume 1 provides a general overview of the scientific results, prepared by the
Scientific Steering Committee (SSC) and the International Scientific Secretariat
(ISS) of EUROTRAC, together with brief summaries of the work of the fourteen
individual subprojects prepared by the respective subproject coordinators.
Volumes 2 to 9 comprise detailed overviews of the subproject achievements, each
prepared by the respective subproject coordinator and steering group, together
with summaries of the work of the participating research groups prepared by the
principal investigators. Each volume also includes a full list of the scientific
publications from the subproject.
The final volume, 10, is the complete report of the Application Project, which was
set up in 1993 to assimilate the scientific results from EUROTRAC and present
them in a condensed form so that they are suitable for use by those responsible for
environmental planning and management in Europe. It illustrates how a scientific
project such as EUROTRAC can contribute practically to providing the scientific
consensus necessary for the development of a coherent atmospheric environmental
policy for Europe.
A multi-volume work such as this has many contributors and we, as general
editors, would like to express our thanks to all of them: to the subproject
coordinators who have borne the brunt of the scientific co-ordination and who
have contributed so much to the success of the project and the quality of this
report; to the principal investigators who have carried out so much high-quality
scientific work; to the members of the International Executive Committee (1EC)
VIII Volume 5
and the SSC for their enthusiastic encouragement and support of EUROTRAC; to
the participating governments in EUROTRAC, and in particular the German
Government (BMBF) for funding, not only the research, but also the ISS
publication activities; and finally to Mr. Christian Witschell and his colleagues at
Springer Verlag for providing the opportunity to publish the results in a way which
will bring them to the notice of a large audience.
Peter Borrell (Scientific Secretary, ISS)
Patricia May Borrell EUROTRAC ISS
Tomislav Cvitas Fraunhofer Institute (IFU)
Kerry Kelly Garmisch-Partenkirchen
Wolfgang Seiler (Director, ISS)
Table of Contents
Part I Ground-Based Cloud Experiments (GCE)
Annelli Hallberg
Chapter 1 GCE: an Overview 3
1.1 Introduction .. ......... ......... ..... .......... .............. ..... ...... .... .... ..... ....... .... ........ 3
1.2 Overview of the Three GCE Joint Field Experiments ............................ 6
Chapter 2 Principal Results from GCE .. ........ ..... ... ............. .............. ....... 13
2.1 Size Distribution, Hygroscopic Properties and Chemical Composition
of Aerosol Particles ................................................................................ 13
2.2 Nucleation Scavenging .. ....... ..... ....... ....... ..... ..... ... ... ......... ......... ..... .... ... 17
2.3 Other in-Cloud Particle Scavenging Processes ...................................... 18
2.4 Scavenging of Gases ...... ....... .............. ..... ..... ..... ...... .... .......... .... ......... ... 19
2.5 Cloud Droplet Liquid-Phase Chemistry and its Dependence
on Cloud Microphysics ......... ..... ......... ........ ..... ................ ...... ............ .... 20
2.6 Effect of Entrainment on Cloud Chemistry and Microphysics ............... 28
2.7 Evaporating Clouds ................................................................................ 31
2.8 Cloud Droplet Deposition ...................................................................... 36
2.9 Instrument Development and Testing within GCE ................................ 37
Chapter 3 GCE in Retrospective ... ......... .............................. ......... .... ........ 49
3.1 Meeting the Original Goals of GCE .... ..... ....... ... ....... ........ ... ........... .... ... 49
3.2 The Importance ofIntegrated Field Work, Instrumental Development
and Modelling ........ .............. ............ ... ............ .................. .......... ... ........ 49
3.3 Airborne Measurements as a Complement
to Ground-Based Investigations ............................................................. 50
3.4 Joint Evaluation and Dissemination of GCE Results ............................. 51
Chapter 4 Future Directions for Cloud Research ............... ... .......... ........ 53
4.1 Effect of Anthropogenic Activity on Aerosol Population ...................... 53
4.2 Haze ....................................................................................................... 53
4.3 The Ice Phase of Clouds ........................................................................ 54
4.4 Oxidised Nitrogen Chemistry ................................................................ 55
4.5 Organic Chemistry within Clouds .......................................................... 55
4.6 Clouds and Oxidising Capacity of the Atmosphere ............................... 56
4.7 Radiative Properties of Clouds .............................................................. 56
4.8 Instrumentation Needs for the Future ..................................................... 56
4.9 Need for Aircraft Measurements ............................................................ 57
x Volume 5
Chapter·5 Individual Reports from GCE Principal Investigators 61
5.1 Field and Wind Tunnel Experiments in Clouds and Fog by ECN
B.G. Arends, G.P.A. Kos and H.J. MOls ................................................ 61
5.2 Study of Interstitial Aerosol
A. Berner, I. Solly and C Kruisz ....... ........ .................. ..... ........ ............. 68
5.3 Formation and Reactivity of Aerosols
M. Biljak, A. Berner, I. Grgic , B. Divjak, V. Hudnik, S. Kozak-Legisa
and M. Poje .. ........ .............. ...... ....... ........ ......... .... ............ .......... ........... 73
5.4 Field and Modelling Studies of Cloud Chemical Processes
T. Choularton, M. W. Gallagher, K.N. Bower and R.N Colvile .............. 77
5.5 The Multiphase Chemistry of Clouds and Fog
S. Fuzzi, M.C Facchini, G. Orsi and P. Laj .......................................... 84
5.6 A Single Particle Approach to Characterising Droplet Residues
and Interstitial Particles
R. Gieray, T. Engelhardt and P.A. Wieser .... ................... ...... .... ...... ...... 92
5.7 Partitioning of Aerosol Particles Between Droplets and Interstitial Air
A. Hallberg, K.J. Noone and J.A. Ogren ............................................... 99
5.8 Influence of the Chemical Composition of the Atmospheric Particles
on Fog and Cloud Formation
H-C Hansson, I.B. Svenningsson, E. Swietlicki, A. Widensohler,
B.G. Martinsson and G. Frank .............................................................. 106
5.9 The Dynamic Behaviour of Pollutants in Fog and Captive Clouds
W. Jaeschke, H. W Georgii, D. Schell, M. Preiss, R. Maser and
W. Wobrock ............................................................................................ 113
5.10 The Role of Nitrophenols in Cloud Chemistry
K. Levsen and J. Liittke .......................................................................... 123
5.11 A Droplet Aerosol Analysing System for Cloud Studies
B.G. Martinsson, S.1. Cederfelt, H.C Hansson and G. Frank ............... 130
5.12 Study of the Interaction of Photo-oxidants and Acidic Components
between Gas and Liquid Phase
D. Moller, K. Acker, W. Wieprecht and R. Auel ................................... 138
5.13 Input of Trace Substances to High Elevation Forests
by Cloud Water Interception
P. Winkler and S. Pahl . ....... ............. ........ .......... .......... ................ .... ...... 146
Chapter 6 GCE Publications 1990-1996 .................................................. 153
Table of Contents XI
Part II High Alpine Air and Snow Chemistry
Chapter 7 An Overview of ALPTRAC Research .................................... 165
7.1 Introduction ...... ............................................................ ........................ 165
7.2 Some Observations and Trends in High Alpine Pollution .................... 165
Chapter 8 Aims and Internal Structure of ALPTRAC ........................... 173
Chapter 9 Principal Scientific Results ...................................................... 177
9.1 Pollution Levels in High Alpine areas .................................................. 177
9.2 Seasonal Changes in Pollution Levels .................................................. 181
9.3 Mechanisms: Chemical Transformation and Scavenging ..................... 184
9.4 Transport Processes and Source Areas ................................................. 188
9.5 Long-Term Trends ................................................................................ 188
9.6 Instrumentation Developments ............................................................. 191
9.7 Conclusions .......................................................................................... 192
Individual Reports from ALPTRAC Principal Investigators
Chapter 10 High Alpine Snow Pack Chemistry .. ...................... ............... 203
10.1 Accumulation of Pollutants and Nutrients in the Snow Pack
at High Altitudes along a North-South Transect in the Eastern Alps
M. Kuhn and U. Nickus ........................................................................ 203
10.2 Stable Isotope Ratio of Sulfur, Nitrogen and Carbon as Pollution Tracers
for Atmospheric Constituents
F. Pichlmayer and K. Blochberger ....................................................... 210
10.3 Accumulation of Acidic Components in Two Snowfields
in the Sonnblick Region
M. Staudinger, W. Schaner, H. Puxbaum and R. B6hm ....................... 219
Chapter 11 Long-Term Pollution Trends ............................ ..................... 225
11.1 Retrospective and Present State of Anthropogenic Aerosol Deposition
at a High Altitude Alpine Glacier (Colle Gnifetti, 4450 m a.s.!.)
D. Wagenbach, K. Geis, K. Hebestreit, S. Preunkert, l. Schafer,
R. Schajor, V. Ulshafer and P. Weddeling ........................................... 225
Chapter 12 High Alpine Air, Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry 235
12.1 Segregation of Hydrometeors
A. Berner and C. Kruisz ........................................................................ 235
12.2 Transport, Scavenging and Deposition Studies of Air Pollutants
at High-Alpine Sites
H. W. Gaggeler, M. Schwikowski, U. Baltensperger and D. T. lost ....... 241