Table Of ContentCloud Computing
Theory and Practice
Cloud Computing
Theory and Practice
Third Edition
Dan C. Marinescu
Department of Computer Science
University of Central Florida
Orlando, FL, United States
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Contents
Prefacetothirdedition ...................................................... xiii
Abbreviations ............................................................. xv
CHAPTER1 Introduction .................................................. 1
1.1 Cloudcomputing,anoldideawhosetimehascome .................... 3
1.2 Energyuseandecologicalimpactofcloudcomputing .................. 7
1.3 Ethicalissuesincloudcomputing ................................. 8
1.4 Factorsaffectingcloudserviceavailability ........................... 9
1.5 Network-centriccomputingandnetwork-centriccontent ................ 10
CHAPTER2 Thecloudecosystem........................................... 13
2.1 Cloudcomputingdeliverymodelsandservices ....................... 14
2.2 AmazonWebServices .......................................... 18
2.3 GoogleClouds................................................ 25
2.4 MicrosoftWindowsAzureandonlineservices ........................ 28
2.5 IBMclouds .................................................. 30
2.6 Cloudstoragediversityandvendorlock-in ........................... 30
2.7 Cloudinteroperability .......................................... 31
2.8 Service-levelAgreementsandCompliance-levelAgreements ............. 33
2.9 Responsibilitysharingbetweenuserandserviceprovider ................ 34
2.10 Userchallengesandexperience ................................... 34
2.11 Softwarelicensing ............................................. 36
2.12 Challengesfacedbycloudcomputing .............................. 37
2.13 Cloudcomputingasadisruptivetechnology.......................... 39
2.14 Exercisesandproblems ......................................... 40
CHAPTER3 Parallelprocessinganddistributedcomputing ....................... 41
3.1 Computerarchitectureconcepts ................................... 42
3.2 Grandarchitecturalcomplications ................................. 48
3.3 ARMarchitecture ............................................. 55
3.4 SIMDarchitectures ............................................ 58
3.5 Graphicsprocessingunits ....................................... 60
3.6 Tensorprocessingunits ......................................... 62
3.7 Systemsonachip ............................................. 65
3.8 Data,thread-level,andtask-levelparallelism ......................... 66
3.9 Speedup,Amdhal’slaw,andscaledspeedup.......................... 68
3.10 Multicoreprocessorspeedup ..................................... 70
3.11 Fromsupercomputerstodistributedsystems ......................... 72
3.12 Modularity.Softmodularityversusenforcedmodularity................. 74
3.13 Layeringandhierarchy ......................................... 79
3.14 Peer-to-peersystems ........................................... 82
vii
viii Contents
3.15 Large-scalesystems ............................................ 84
3.16 Composabilityboundsandscalability(R) ........................... 86
3.17 DistributedcomputingfallaciesandtheCAPtheorem .................. 88
3.18 Blockchaintechnologyandapplications ............................. 89
3.19 Historynotesandfurtherreadings ................................. 91
3.20 Exercisesandproblems ......................................... 94
CHAPTER4 Cloudhardwareandsoftware .................................... 95
4.1 Cloudinfrastructurechallenges ................................... 96
4.2 Cloudhardware;warehouse-scalecomputer(WSC) .................... 98
4.3 WSCperformance ............................................. 100
4.4 Hypervisors .................................................. 104
4.5 Executionofcoarse-graineddata-parallelapplications .................. 104
4.6 Fine-grainedclusterresourcesharinginMesos ....................... 106
4.7 ClustermanagementwithBorg ................................... 107
4.8 Evolutionofaclustermanagementsystem ........................... 110
4.9 Sharedstateclustermanagement .................................. 111
4.10 QoS-awareclustermanagement ................................... 113
4.11 Resourceisolation ............................................. 116
4.12 In-memoryclustercomputingforBigData .......................... 120
4.13 Containers;Dockercontainers .................................... 128
4.14 Kubernetes .................................................. 130
4.15 Furtherreadings............................................... 131
4.16 Exercisesandproblems ......................................... 132
CHAPTER5 Cloudresourcevirtualization .................................... 135
5.1 Resourcevirtualization ......................................... 136
5.2 Performanceandsecurityisolationincomputerclouds .................. 137
5.3 Virtualmachines .............................................. 138
5.4 Fullvirtualizationandparavirtualization ............................ 140
5.5 Hardwaresupportforvirtualization ................................ 141
5.6 QEMU ..................................................... 144
5.7 Kernel-basedVirtualMachine .................................... 145
5.8 Xen—ahypervisorbasedonparavirtualization........................ 148
5.9 OptimizationofnetworkvirtualizationinXen2.0 ..................... 154
5.10 Nestedvirtualization ........................................... 156
5.11 Atrustedkernel-basedvirtualmachineforARMv8 .................... 159
5.12 ParavirtualizationofItaniumarchitecture ............................ 161
5.13 Aperformancecomparisonofvirtualmachines ....................... 164
5.14 Open-sourcesoftwareplatformsforprivateclouds ..................... 167
5.15 Thedarkersideofvirtualization................................... 169
5.16 Virtualizationsoftware .......................................... 170
5.17 Historynotesandfurtherreadings ................................. 171
5.18 Exercisesandproblems ......................................... 172
Contents ix
CHAPTER6 Cloudaccessandcloudinterconnectionnetworks .................... 175
6.1 Packet-switchednetworksandtheInternet ........................... 176
6.2 Internetevolution.............................................. 181
6.3 TCPcongestioncontrol ......................................... 183
6.4 Content-centricnetworks;nameddatanetworks(R) .................... 185
6.5 Software-definednetworks;SD-WAN .............................. 187
6.6 Interconnectionnetworksforcomputerclouds ........................ 189
6.7 Multistageinterconnectionnetworks ............................... 193
6.8 InfiniBandandMyrinet ......................................... 194
6.9 StorageareanetworksandtheFibreChannel ......................... 197
6.10 Scalabledatacentercommunicationarchitectures ..................... 200
6.11 Networkresourcemanagementalgorithms(R) ........................ 204
6.12 Contentdeliverynetworks ....................................... 207
6.13 Vehicularadhocnetworks ....................................... 211
6.14 Furtherreadings............................................... 212
6.15 Exercisesandproblems ......................................... 212
CHAPTER7 Clouddatastorage ............................................ 215
7.1 Dynamicrandomaccessmemoriesandharddiskdrives ................. 216
7.2 Solid-statedisks............................................... 217
7.3 Storagemodels,filesystems,anddatabases .......................... 220
7.4 Distributedfilesystems;theprecursors ............................. 223
7.5 Generalparallelfilesystem ...................................... 228
7.6 Googlefilesystem ............................................. 231
7.7 Locks;Chubby—alockingservice ................................. 233
7.8 RDBMS—cloudmismatch ...................................... 238
7.9 NoSQLdatabases ............................................. 239
7.10 Datastorageforonlinetransactionprocessingsystems .................. 241
7.11 BigTable .................................................... 243
7.12 Megastore ................................................... 245
7.13 Storagereliabilityatscale ....................................... 246
7.14 Disklocalityversusdatalocalityincomputerclouds ................... 250
7.15 Databaseprovenance ........................................... 252
7.16 Historynotesandfurtherreadings ................................. 254
7.17 Exercisesandproblems ......................................... 255
CHAPTER8 Cloudsecurity ................................................ 257
8.1 Security—thetopconcernforcloudusers ........................... 258
8.2 Cloudsecurityrisks ............................................ 259
8.3 Securityasaservice(SecaaS) .................................... 264
8.4 Privacyandprivacyimpactassessment.............................. 264
8.5 Trust ....................................................... 267
8.6 Clouddataencryption .......................................... 268
8.7 Securityofdatabaseservices ..................................... 270
8.8 Operatingsystemsecurity ....................................... 272
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8.9 Virtualmachinesecurity ........................................ 273
8.10 Securityofvirtualization ........................................ 275
8.11 Securityrisksposedbysharedimages .............................. 278
8.12 SecurityrisksposedbyamanagementOS ........................... 281
8.13 Xoar—breakingthemonolithicdesignoftheTCB ..................... 283
8.14 Mobiledevicesandcloudsecurity ................................. 286
8.15 Mitigatingcloudvulnerabilitiesintheageofransomware ............... 287
8.16 AWSsecurity ................................................ 289
8.17 Furtherreadings............................................... 290
8.18 Exercisesandproblems ......................................... 291
CHAPTER9 Cloudresourcemanagementandscheduling ........................ 293
9.1 Policiesandmechanismsforresourcemanagement .................... 294
9.2 Schedulingalgorithmsforcomputerclouds .......................... 296
9.3 Delayscheduling(R) ........................................... 298
9.4 Data-awarescheduling(R) ....................................... 303
9.5 Apachecapacityscheduler ....................................... 306
9.6 Start-timefairqueuing(R) ....................................... 307
9.7 Borrowedvirtualtime(R) ....................................... 311
9.8 Cloudschedulingsubjecttodeadlines(R) ........................... 315
9.9 MapReduceapplicationschedulingsubjecttodeadlines(R) .............. 320
9.10 Resourcebundling;combinatorialauctionsforcloudresources ........... 322
9.11 Cloudresourceutilizationandenergyefficiency ....................... 325
9.12 Resourcemanagementanddynamicapplicationscaling ................. 328
9.13 Controltheoryandoptimalresourcemanagement(R) .................. 329
9.14 Stabilityoftwo-levelresourceallocationstrategy(R) ................... 333
9.15 Feedbackcontrolbasedondynamicthresholds(R) .................... 334
9.16 Coordinationofautonomicperformancemanagers(R) .................. 336
9.17 Autilitymodelforcloud-basedwebservices(R) ...................... 338
9.18 Cloudself-organization ......................................... 342
9.19 Cloudinteroperability .......................................... 344
9.20 Furtherreadings............................................... 346
9.21 Exercisesandproblems ......................................... 346
CHAPTER10 Concurrencyandcloudcomputing ................................ 349
10.1 Enduringchallenges ........................................... 350
10.2 Communicationandconcurrency .................................. 353
10.3 Computationalmodels;communicatingsequentialprocesses ............. 358
10.4 Thebulksynchronousparallelmodel ............................... 360
10.5 Amodelformulticorecomputing ................................. 361
10.6 ModelingconcurrencywithPetrinets .............................. 363
10.7 Processstate;globalstateofaprocessorthreadgroup .................. 369
10.8 Communicationprotocolsandprocesscoordination .................... 374
10.9 Communication,logicalclocks,andmessagedeliveryrules .............. 376
10.10 Runsandcuts;causalhistory ..................................... 381
