Table Of ContentClosed Circuit Television
Closed Circuit Television
Second edition
Joe Cieszynski
IEng MIEE (elec) Cert. Ed. CGI
Newnes
An imprint of Elsevier
Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP
200 Wheeler Road, Burlington, MA 01803
First published 2001
Reprinted 2002
Second edition 2004
Copyright © 2001, 2004, Joe Cieszynski. All rights reserved
The right of Joe Cieszynski to be identified as the author of this
work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act 1988
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 0 7506 5728 6
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Contents
Preface ix
Acknowledgements xi
1 The CCTV industry 1
The role of CCTV 2
The CCTV industry 4
2 Signal transmission 7
CCTV signals 7
Co-axial cable 9
Ground loops 16
Twisted pair cable 20
Category 5 (Cat 5) cable 22
Ribbon cable 25
Fibre-optic cable 26
Infra-red beam 29
Microwave link 30
UHF RF transmission 31
CCTV via the telephone network 33
Connectors 34
Cable test equipment 36
3 Light and lighting 40
Light and the human eye 40
Measuring light 43
Light characteristics 45
Artificial lighting 46
4 Lenses 52
Lens theory 52
Lens parameters 54
Zoom lenses 70
Electrical connections 72
Lens mounts 76
Filters 78
Lens adjustment 78
Lens finding 80
vi Contents
5 Fundamentals of television 83
The cathode ray tube 83
The colour CRT 87
Producing a raster 89
Picture resolution 92
Synchronization 95
The luminance signal 98
The chrominance signal 99
Television signals 102
Digital video signals 105
Video compression 108
MPEG-2 compression 110
Wavelet compression 113
6 The CCTV camera 115
Tube/CCD comparison 115
Charge coupled device 115
Deriving an interlaced raster 116
CCD chip operation 118
Colour imaging 123
Camera operation 126
White balance 130
Camera sensitivity 131
Camera resolution 132
Camera operating voltages 133
Specialized cameras 134
7 Monitors 139
Block diagram 139
Monochrome monitor 146
Monitor safety 147
Terminator switches 149
Resolution 151
Ergonomics 151
8 Recording equipment 154
Video recording principles 155
VHS (Video Home System) 159
Super VHS 161
Time-lapse recording 164
Time-lapse VCR features 167
VCR maintenance 170
Video head cleaning 172
DAT recorders 174
Type management and care 174
Contents vii
Digital video tape 175
Disk-based video recording 177
Recording capacity 177
Security of digital information 181
9 Camera switching and multiplexing 182
Sequential switching 182
Matrix switching 187
The quad splitter 191
Video multiplexers 193
Video motion detection (VMD) 199
10 Telemetry control 202
Hard wired control 203
Control data transmission 205
Pan/tilt (P/T) control 207
Receiver unit 209
Dome systems 210
Data communications 211
11 Ancillary equipment 216
Camera mountings 216
Towers and columns 221
Pan/tilt units 224
Monitor brackets 229
Power supplies 230
12 Commissioning and maintenance 234
Commissioning 234
Measuring resolution 234
System handover 238
Preventative maintenance 240
Corrective maintenance 241
Fault location 242
Oscilloscope default settings 244
Glossary of CCTV terms 246
Index 259
Preface
In the preface to the first edition I wrote that closed circuit television
(CCTV) was a growth industry, and that the growth was very much a
result of the impact of new technology. As I write this preface to the
second edition of Closed Circuit Television, this situation has not changed.
Technology has continued to advance, bringing with it the possibility of
much clearer images even in conditions where a few years ago it would
have been impossible to film. Add to this the advances in digital recording,
high speed data transmission and biometric recognition and alarm systems,
and we have the ability to design and install CCTV systems that just a
few years ago were the stuff of science fiction.
However, like any high tech installation, these systems will only function
correctly if they are properly specified, installed and maintained.
Consequently a CCTV engineer needs to be conversant with modern
electrical, electronics, digital and microprocessor principles, electrical
installation practice, health and safety issues and telecommunications
and broadband technology, in addition to having an in-depth knowledge
of CCTV principles and technology.
This book has been written to provide the latter in the above list – a
knowledge of CCTV principles and technology. Like the first edition, it
uses the City & Guilds/SITO Knowledge of Security and Emergency
Alarm Systems syllabus (course 1851) as its basis, making it suitable
reading for trainees studying towards this qualification or for those who
are working towards an NVQ level II or III in CCTV installation and
maintenance. However, to cater for those who are already practising in
the industry but who wish to further their technical knowledge and
understanding, this second edition includes discussion of such topics as
digital video signal compression, digital tape and hard disk recording,
and CAT5 structured cabling.
This second edition includes two completely new chapters covering
lighting and ancillary equipment. Furthermore, where the first edition
was devoted primarily to the UK PAL television system, having noted
that the book was being purchased in somewhat large numbers across
the Atlantic in the USA, it was felt only right that this new edition should
incorporate NTSC television standards.
It is my hope and wish that trainees and engineers alike will find this
a useful handbook and aid towards their personal development.
Joe Cieszynski
