clinical veterinary advisor

1106 Pages·2011·25.79 MB·English

Online access
makes it easy to find topics instantly!
Visit
A companion website includes the entire text of Clinical Veterinary Advisor: The Horse
in a fully searchable format, plus all of the book’s images. Look up information in any
location with web access, and print out the pages you need. The site also includes:
• A searchable drug formulary with entries for 145 medications
• Algorithms with step-by-step guidance to clinical assessment
and treatment planning for 50 common disorders
• 100 printable client education sheets in both English and Spanish
to help strengthen clients’ comprehension and compliance
(cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:8)(cid:9)(cid:5)(cid:10)(cid:11)(cid:3)(cid:6)(cid:12)(cid:9)(cid:13) K
A
(cid:2)(cid:14)(cid:15)(cid:6)(cid:9)(cid:16)(cid:9)(cid:4)(cid:11) BP/
8
0
9
0
0
1
L
S
CLINICAL
VETERINARY

ADVISOR
The Horse
Editor-in-Chief
David A. Wilson

, ,
DVM MS DACVS

Professor, Equine Surgery
Section Head, Equine Medicine & Surgery
Hospital Director
Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital
Department of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery
College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Missouri
Columbia, Missouri
3251 Riverport Lane
St. Louis, Missouri 63043
CLINICAL VETERINARY ADVISOR: THE HORSE I SBN: 978-1-4160-9979-6
Copyright © 2012 by Saunders, an affi liate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval
system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further
information about the Publisher’ s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such
as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website:
www.elsevier.com/permissions .
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the
Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this fi eld are constantly changing. As new research and
experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or
medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in
evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In
using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of
others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identifi ed, readers are advised to check
the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of
each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and
duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying
on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine
dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety
precautions.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors,
assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of product
liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products,
instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
International Standard Book Number: 978-1-4160-9979-6
Vice President and Publishing Director: Linda Duncan
Publisher, Veterinary Medicine: Penny Rudolph
Developmental Editor: Lauren Harms
Publishing Services Manager: Patricia Tannian
Project Manager: Carrie Stetz
Design Direction: Paula Catalano
Working together to grow
libraries in developing countries
www.elsevier.com | www.bookaid.org | www.sabre.org
Printed in the United States of America
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Editor-in-Chief
David A. Wilson, DVM, MS, DACVS
Skin
Professor, Equine Surgery
Section Head, Equine Medicine & Surgery
Hospital Director
Veterinary Medicine Teaching Hospital
Department of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery
College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Missouri
Columbia, Missouri
Editors
Michelle Henry Barton, DVM, PhD, Patricia M. Dowling, D VM, MSc, DACVIM,
DACVIM DACVCP
Liver Pharmacologic Principles
Fuller E. Callaway Endowed Chair Professor, Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology;
Professor, Large Animal Internal Medicine Director, Canadian gFARAD
Department of Large Animal Medicine Western College of Veterinary Medicine
College of Veterinary Medicine University of Sasketchewan
The University of Georgia Saskatoon, Sasketchewan, Canada
Athens, Georgia
Mary M. Durando, DVM, PhD, DACVIM
Jeffrey N. Bryan, DVM, MS, PhD, DACVIM (Large Animal)
Oncology Cardiovascular System
Assistant Professor Equine Sports Medicine Consultants, LLC
Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Landenberg, Pennsylvania
College of Veterinary Medicine
Washington State University
Pullman, Washington
Cynthia L. Gaskill, DVM, PhD
Daniel J. Burke, PhD Toxicology
Nutrition Associate Professor
Director of Equine Nutrition Veterinary Clinical Toxicology
Tribute Equine Nutrition/Kalmbach Feeds, Inc. Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory
Upper Sandusky, Ohio University of Kentucky
Lexington, Kentucky
Brian C. Gilger, DVM, MS, DACVO
James L. Carmalt, MA, VetMB, MVetSc, Ophthalmology
FRCVS, DABVP(Eq), DACVS Professor of Ophthalmology
Dentistry Department of Clinical Sciences
Associate Professor College of Veterinary Medicine
Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences North Carolina State University
Western College of Veterinary Medicine Raleigh, North Carolina
University of Saskatchewan
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
iii
iv Editors
R. Reid Hanson, DVM, DACVS, DACVECC Eric J. Parente, DVM, DACVS
Emergency and Critical Care Upper Respiratory Disorders
Professor of Surgery Associate Professor
J.T. Vaughan Teaching Hospital Department of Clinical Studies
Department of Clinical Sciences New Bolton Center
College of Veterinary Medicine University of Pennsylvania
Auburn University School of Veterinary Medicine
Auburn, Alabama Kennett Square, Pennsylvania
Stephen M. Reed, D VM, DACVIM
Philip J. Johnson, BVSc(Hons), MS,
Neurology
DACVIM, DECEIM, MRCVS
Associate Veterinarian
Laminitis
Internal Medicine
Professor and Instructional Leader
Rood & Riddle Equine Hospital
Equine Medicine and Surgery
Lexington, Kentucky
Department of Veterinary Medicine and
Surgery
College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Missouri Juan C. Samper, DVM, MSc, PhD, DACT
Columbia, Missouri Reproduction
Veterinary Reproductive Services
Andris J. Kaneps, DVM, PhD, DACVS, Langley, British Columbia, Canada
DACVSMR
Musculoskeletal
Staff Surgeon
New England Equine Medical and Surgical
Center
Elizabeth M. Santschi, DVM, DACVS
Dover, New Hampshire
Foals
Associate Professor
Maureen T. Long, D VM, PhD, DACVM Equine Surgery
Infectious Diseases Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
Associate Professor, Large Animal Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine
Department of Infectious Diseases and The Ohio State University
Pathology Columbus, Ohio
College of Veterinary Medicine
Debra C. Sellon, DVM, PhD, DACVM
University of Florida
Infectious Diseases
Gainesville, Florida
Professor, Equine Medicine
Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
Tim Mair, BVSc, PhD, DEIM, DESTS,
College of Veterinary Medicine
DECEIM, MRCVS
Associate Dean, Graduate School
Gastrointestinal
Washington State University
Partner
Pullman, Washington
Bell Equine Veterinary Clinic
Mereworth, Maidstone
Ceri Sherlock, B Vet Med, MRCVS, DACVS
Kent, United Kingdom
Gastrointestinal
Large Animal Surgery Clinical Instructor
Melissa R. Mazan, DVM, DACVIM Department of Large Animal Medicine
Lower Respiratory Disorders College of Veterinary Medicine
Associate Professor The University of Georgia
Director, Issaam Fares Equine Sports Medicine Athens, Georgia
Program
Department of Clinical Sciences
Nathan Slovis, DVM, DACVIM, CHT
Sports Medicine
(Certifi ed Hyperbaric Technologist)
Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine
Section VI: Drug Formulary
Tufts University
Director
North Grafton, Massachusetts
Hagyard Equine Medical Insititute
McGee Critical Care and Medical Center
Amelia Munsterman, DVM, MS, DACVS,
Lexington, Kentucky
DACVECC
Emergency & Critical Care
Clinical Instructor Phoebe A. Smith, DVM, DACVIM
Equine Critical Care Medicine and Surgery Foals
Department of Clinical Sciences Riviera Equine
College of Veterinary Medicine Internal Medicine & Consulting
Auburn University Santa Ynez, California
Auburn, Alabama
Editors v
Ahmed Tibary, DMV, MS, DSc, PhD, DACT Bryan M. Waldridge, DVM, MS, DABVP
Reproduction (Equine Practice), DACVIM
Professor Urinary
Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Kentucky Equine Research
College of Veterinary Medicine Versailles, Kentucky
Washington State University
Pullman, Washington
Ian Tizard, BVMS, BSc, PhD, DACVIM Charles Wiedmeyer, DVM, PhD, DACVP
Immunology Laboratory Tests
Professor of Immunology Assistant Professor, Veterinary Clinical
Department of Veterinary Pathobiology Pathology
College of Veterinary Medicine Department of Veterinary Pathobiology
Texas A & M University College of Veterinary Medicine
College Station, Texas University of Missouri
Columbia, Missouri

Ramiro E. Toribio, D VM, MS, PhD, DACVIM

Endocrinology
Associate Professor
Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
College of Veterinary Medicine
The Ohio State University
Columbus, Ohio
CONTRIBUTORS
Katie S. Amend, DVM Brenda T. Beerntsen, PhD Melissa Bourgeois, DVM, Kelly L. Carlson, DVM
Resident Associate Professor PhD Veterinary Resident Instructor
Department of Clinical Department of Veterinary Emerging Infectious Disease Large Animal Clinical Sciences
Sciences Pathobiology Fellow College of Veterinary
College of Veterinary College of Veterinary Centers for Disease Control Medicine & Biomedical
Medicine and Biomedical Medicine and Prevention Sciences
Sciences University of Missouri Atlanta, Georgia Texas A & M University
Colorado State University Columbia, Missouri College Station, Texas
Fort Collins, Colorado Jennifer A. Brown, DVM,
Alicia L. Bertone, DVM, DACVS James L. Carmalt, MA,
C. Scott Bailey, D VM, MS, PhD, DACVS Veterinary Sports Medicine VetMB, MVetSc, FRCVS,
DACT Trueman Family Endowed and Surgery DABVP(Eq), DACVS
Assistant Professor, Chair and Professor Tampa, Florida Associate Professor
Theriogenology Department of Veterinary Department of Large Animal
Department of Clinical Clinical Sciences Jason W. Brumitt, DVM, MS Clinical Sciences
Sciences College of Veterinary Veterinary Imaging Specialists Western College of Veterinary
College of Veterinary Medicine St. Louis, Missouri Medicine
Medicine The Ohio State University University of Saskatchewan
North Carolina State Columbus, Ohio Jeffrey N. Bryan, DVM, MS, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan,
University PhD, DACVIM Canada
Raleigh, North Carolina Eric K. Birks, DVM, PhD Assistant Professor
Equine Sports Medicine Department of Veterinary Leeah R. Chew, DVM
Heidi Banse, DVM Consultants, LLC Clinical Sciences Theriogenology Resident
Resident Newark, Delaware College of Veterinary Department of Large Animal
Equine Internal Medicine Medicine Clinical Sciences
Department of Veterinary Karyn Bischoff, DVM, MS, Washington State University Virginia-Maryland Regional
Clinical Sciences DABVT Pullman, Washington College of Veterinary
College of Veterinary Diagnostic Toxicologist Medicine
Medicine Associate Professor Rikke Buhl, DVM, PhD Blacksburg, Virginia
Oklahoma State University New York State Animal Associate Professor
Stillwater, Oklahoma Health Diagnostic Center Department of Large Animal Cameon M. Childers, DVM
College of Veterinary Sciences Equine Internal Medicine
Robert M. Baratt, DVM, MS, Medicine Faculty of Life Sciences Resident
FAVD Cornell University Large Animal Medicine Department of Clinical
Salem Valley Veterinary Clinic Ithaca, New York University of Copenhagen Sciences
Salem, Connecticut Copenhagen, Denmark College of Veterinary Medicine
Karen Blissitt, BVSc, Kansas State University
Anne Barger, DVM, MS, MRCVS, PhD, DVA, Daniel J. Burke, PhD Manhattan, Kansas;
DACVP DECVAA Director of Equine Nutrition Equine Internal Medicine
Clinical Associate Professor Senior Lecturer Tribute Equine Nutrition/ Resident
Department of Pathobiology Department of Veterinary Kalmbach Feeds, Inc. Rood and Riddle Equine
College of Veterinary Clinical Studies Upper Sandusky, Ohio Hospital
Medicine Royal (Dick) School of Lexington, Kentucky
University of Illinois Veterinary Studies Melinda S. Camus, DVM
Urbana, Illinois Easter Bush Veterinary Centre Clinical Pathology Resident Michelle Cora, DVM
University of Edinburgh Department of Pathology Postdoctoral Fellow in
Michelle Henry Barton Edinburgh, United Kingdom College of Veterinary Medicine Toxicological Pathology
DVM, PhD, DACVIM The University of Georgia National Institutes of
F uller E. Callaway Endowed John D. Bonagura, DVM, Athens, Georgia Environmental Health
Chair MS, DACVIM (Cardiology, Sciences
Professor, Large Animal Internal Medicine) Igor Frederico Canisso, Research Triangle Park, North
Internal Medicine Professor DVM, MSc Carolina
Department of Large Animal Department of Veterinary Theriogenology Resident
Medicine Clinical Sciences Department of Clinical Lais R. R. Costa, MV, MS,
College of Veterinary College of Veterinary Sciences PhD, DACVIM-Large
Medicine Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine Animal, DABVP-Equine
The University of Georgia Cardiology Service Head Cornell University Assistant Professor
Athens, Georgia Veterinary Hospital; Ithaca, New York Large Animal Medicine
Member Department of Clinical
Lance H. Bassage, I I, VMD, Davis Heart & Lung Research Sciences
DACVS Institute Cummings School of
Staff Surgeon The Ohio State University Veterinary Medicine
Rhinebeck Equine, LLP Columbus, Ohio Tufts University
Rhinebeck, New York North Grafton, Massachusetts
vi
Contributors vii
Marco A. Coutinho da Silva, Catherine A. DeLuca, DVM, Ghislaine Dujovne, DVM Tim J. Evans, DVM, PhD,
DVM, MS, PhD, DACT MS, DACT Equine Theriogenology DACT, DABVT
Assistant Professor Lecturer Resident Assistant Professor
Department of Veterinary Department of Large Animal Department of Clinical Sciences Department of Veterinary
Clinical Sciences Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Pathobiology;
College of Veterinary Medicine College of Veterinary Auburn University Toxicology Section Leader
The Ohio State University Medicine Auburn, Alabama Veterinary Medical Diagnostic
Columbus, Ohio University of Florida Laboratory
Gainesville, Florida Mary M. Durando, DVM, College of Veterinary Medicine
Gabriel Borges Couto, PhD, DACVIM (Large University of Missouri
DMV, DES, MSc Shane F. DeWitt, DVM, Animal) Columbia, Missouri
Department of Clinical DACVIM (LAIM) Equine Sports Medicine
Sciences Associate Consultants, LLC Kelly Farnsworth, MS,
Facult é de M é dicine Internal Medicine Landenberg, Pennsylvania DVM, DACVS
V é t é rinaire Woodside Equine Clinic, Inc. Assistant Professor
Universit é de Montr é al Ashland, Virginia Steven Duren, DVM Department of Veterinary
Qu é bec, Canada Performance Horse Nutrition, Clinical Sciences
Monica Dias Figueiredo, LLC College of Veterinary Medicine
Laura C. Cregar, DVM DVM, PhD, DACVIM Weiser, Idaho Washington State University
Resident Senior Veterinary Scientist Pullman, Washington
Veterinary Clinical Pathology Merial Ltd. Edward T. Earley, DVM,
Veterinary Pathobiology Athens, Georgia FAVD/Eq Maria S. Ferrer, Vet., MS,
College of Veterinary Laurel Highland Farm & DACT
Medicine Mouhamadou K. Diaw, Equine Service, LLC Assistant Professor
University of Missouri DVM Williamsport, Pennsylvania Department of Clinical Sciences
Columbia, Missouri Resident School of Veterinary Medicine
Theriogenology Sarah E. Eaton, DVM, DACT Kansas State University
Antonio M. Cruz, D VM, Veterinary Medical Center Associate Veterinarian Manhattan, Kansas
MVM, MSc, Dr Vet Med, Large Animal Hospital Animal Care Hospital
DACVS, DECVS University of Florida Williams Lake, British Ryan A. Ferris, DVM, MS
Associate Professor Gainesville, Florida Columbia, Canada Clinical Instructor
Department of Clinical Department of Clinical Sciences
Studies Roberta Di Terlizzi, DVM, Randy Eggleston, DVM, College of Veterinary
Ontario Veterinary College MRCVS, DACVP DACVS Medicine & Biomedical
University of Guelph Assistant Professor of Clinical Associate Clinical Professor Sciences
Guelph, Ontario, Canada Pathology Large Animal Surgery Colorado State University
Department of Pathobiology Department of Large Animal Fort Collins, Colorado
John J. Dascanio, VMD, School of Veterinary Medicine Medicine
DACT, DABVP University of Pennsylvania College of Veterinary Medicine Janean L. Fidel, DVM,
Professor, Theriogenology Philadelphia, Pennsylvania The University of Georgia DACVRO, DACVIM
Ross University School of Athens, Georgia (Oncology)
Veterinary Medicine Patricia M. Dowling, DVM, Associate Professor
Basseterre, St. Kitts MSc, DACVIM, DACVCP Johanna Elfenbein, DVM Department of Veterinary
West Indies Professor, Veterinary Clinical Resident Clinical Sciences
Pharmacology; Large Animal Internal Medicine College of Veterinary
Elizabeth J. Davidson, Director, Canadian gFARAD Department of Large Animal Medicine
DVM, DACVS Western College of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Washington State University
Assistant Professor in Sports Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine Pullman, Washington
Medicine University of Sasketchewan University of Florida
Department of Clinical Saskatoon, Sasketchewan, Gainesville, Florida Jos é M. Garc í a-L ó pez, VMD,
Studies Canada DACVS
New Bolton Center Steve Ensley, DVM, PhD Associate Professor of Large
University of Pennsylvania Norm G. Ducharme, DMV, Clinical Veterinary Animal Surgery
Kennett Square, Pennsylvania MSc, DACVS Toxicologist Department of Clinical
James Law Professor of Veterinary Diagnostic and Sciences
Heather Davis, DVM Surgery Production Animal Medicine Cummings School of
Equine Surgery Resident Medical Director College of Veterinary Medicine Veterinary Medicine
College of Veterinary Equine and Farm Animal Iowa State University Tufts University
Medicine Hospital Ames, Iowa North Grafton, Massachusetts
Auburn University Department of Clinical
Auburn, Alabama Sciences Kira L. Epstein, DVM, Bridget C. Garner, DVM,
College of Veterinary DACVS PhD, DACVP
Mary S. DeLorey, D VM Medicine Clinical Assistant Professor Assistant Professor
Northwest Equine Dentistry, Cornell University Department of Large Animal Department of Pathology
Inc. Ithaca, New York Medicine College of Veterinary
Washington and Idaho College of Veterinary Medicine
Medicine The University of Georgia
The University of Georgia Athens, Georgia
Athens, Georgia
viii Contributors
Cynthia L. Gaskill, DVM, Sara Gomez-Ibanez, DVM Sharon Gwaltney-Brant, Jonathan Hayles, DVM,
PhD Intern DVM, PhD, DABVT, DABT MVS, DACVR
Associate Professor Large Animal Medicine and Vice President & Medical Radiology Resident
Veterinary Clinical Toxicology Surgery Director Department of Veterinary
Veterinary Diagnostic Department of Large Animal ASPCA Animal Poison Control Clinical Sciences, Radiology
Laboratory Medicine Center College of Veterinary
University of Kentucky College of Veterinary Adjunct Instructor Medicine
Lexington, Kentucky Medicine Department of Biosciences Washington State University
The University of Georgia College of Veterinary Pullman, Washington
Mathew P. Gerard, BVSc, Athens, Georgia Medicine
PhD, DACVS University of Illinois Don Henneke, PhD
Clinical Associate Professor Patty Graham-Thiers, P hD Urbana, Illinois Director of Equine Science
Large Animal Surgery Professor Tarleton State University
Department of Clinical Equine Studies Department R. Reid Hanson, DVM, Stephenville, Texas
Sciences Virginia Intermont College DACVS, DACVECC
College of Veterinary Bristol, Virginia Professor of Surgery Christina Hewes, DVM, MS,
Medicine J.T. Vaughan Teaching DACVS
North Carolina State Fran ç ois-Xavier Grand, Hospital Clinical Instructor
University DVM, IPSAV Department of Clinical Equine Surgery
Raleigh, North Carolina Large Animal Theriogenology Sciences Department of Clinical
Resident College of Veterinary Sciences
Liberty M. Getman, D VM, Department of Clinical Medicine Large Animal Teaching
DACVS Sciences Auburn University Hospital
Lecturer in Large Animal Facult é de m é dicine Auburn, Alabama College of Veterinary
Surgery v é t é rinaire Medicine
Department of Clinical Universit é de Montr é al Kelsey A. Hart, DVM, PhD, Auburn University
Studies Montr é al, Qu é bec DACVIM Auburn, Alabama
New Bolton Center Canada Large Animal Internal
University of Pennsylvania Medicine Clinician Sara A. Hill, DVM
Kennett Square, Pennsylvania Britton Grasperge, DVM, Department of Large Animal Resident in Veterinary Clinical
DACVP Medicine Pathology
Brian C. Gilger, D VM, MS, PhD Candidate College of Veterinary Department of Veterinary
DACVO Department of Medicine Clinical Sciences
Professor of Ophthalmology Pathobiological Sciences The University of Georgia College of Veterinary
Department of Clinical School of Veterinary Medicine Athens, Georgia Medicine
Sciences Louisiana State University University of Minnesota
College of Veterinary Baton Rouge, Louisiana Kevin K. Haussler, DVM, St. Paul, Minnesota
Medicine DC, PhD
North Carolina State Tanya M. Grondin, DVM, Assistant Professor Melissa T. Hines, DVM,
University DACVP Orthopedic Research Center PhD, DACVIM
Raleigh, North Carolina Clinical Pathologist Department of Clinical Associate Professor
HPA Laboratories, Inc. Sciences Equine Medicine
Lyndi L. Gilliam, DVM, Ashland, Virginia College of Veterinary Department of Veterinary
DACVIM Medicine & Biomedical Clinical Sciences
Assistant Professor Erin S. Groover, DVM, Sciences College of Veterinary
Department of Veterinary DACVIM-LAIM Colorado State University Medicine
Clinical Sciences Visiting Clinical Assistant Fort Collins, Colorado Washington State University
College of Veterinary Professor Pullman, Washington
Medicine Department of Clinical Jan F. Hawkins, DVM,
Oklahoma State University Sciences DACVS Siddra Hines, DVM
Stillwater, Oklahoma College of Veterinary Associate Professor of Large Resident, Equine Internal
Medicine Animal Surgery Medicine
Shir Gilor, D VM, MSc Auburn University Department of Veterinary Department of Veterinary
Clinical Pathology Resident Auburn, Alabama Clinical Sciences Clinical Sciences
Department of Pathobiology School of Veterinary Medicine College of Veterinary
College of Veterinary Alisha M. Gruntman, DVM Purdue University Medicine
Medicine Resident in Large Animal West Lafayette, Indiana Washington State University
University of Illinois Medicine Pullman, Washington
Urbana, Illinois Department of Clinical Shelby Hayden, DVM
Sciences Department of Large Animal Brent Hoff, DVM, DVSc,
Elizabeth A. Giuliano, DVM, Cummings School of Clinical Sciences Dip. Tox.
MS, DACVO Veterinary Medicine College of Veterinary Clinical Pathologist/Clinical
Associate Professor Tufts University Medicine and Biomedical Toxicologist
Department of Veterinary North Grafton, Massachusetts Sciences Animal Health Laboratory
Medicine and Surgery Texas A & M University Laboratory Services Division
College of Veterinary College Station, Texas University of Guelph
Medicine Guelph, Ontario, Canada
University of Missouri
Columbia, Missouri